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15 Construction Technology and Enviromental Services > Level 2 > Flashcards

Level 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What was the build up of the property (Sibley Close)?

A

1990’s semi-detached property- two storey, cavity wall construction with solid concrete floor and suspended timber first floor.

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2
Q

What era was this from and how could you tell?

A

Cavity wall construction, relatively good condition of building elements, UPVC rainwater goods/windows and cladding. Also was given information from the client.

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3
Q

Why did you need to raise the garage floor?

A

It was constructed lower than the house GF level.
Concern about water intrusion from the garage to the house Fuel or hazardous liquids or vapor leaking into the house

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4
Q

What did you need to consider for the ground floor level disabled WC?

A

To upgrade:
damp-proofing
thermal insulation.
change the level of the floor to match the levels in the existing home.

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5
Q

What is an occupation therapist report?

A

Provides information on physical needs . The reports also usually include a description of what will assist the individual, such as equipment or adaptations.

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6
Q

What is PIR insulation?

A

PIR= thermoset plastic as solid boards.

+Strong level of thermal performance
+Faced with foil (inhibit moisture).

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7
Q

Why did you opt for a raised suspended timber floor?

A

The existing floor level to the house was high above ground, it was practicable to use timber joists, with a void underneath (minimum gap of 150mm).

  • Intermediate wall with a small footing (reduce the span/thickness of joists to a minimum)
  • A damp proof course (DPC) should be placed on the underside of the timber.

Insulation is then placed between the joists (thickness required depends on the product used).

Air vents should be placed underneath to provide ventilation.

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8
Q

Did you specify a DPM?

A

Yes- beneath suspended timber floor:

1200g polythene DPM to achieve a ‘U’ value of 0.19w/m2k.

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9
Q

How did you specify ventilation?

A

Air Bricks- 225x75mm air bricks no greater than 1.2 centres air bricks in external walls.

Ventilation- W/C to have one twentieth floor area ventilation by means of an opening window or door to external air, night or trickle vents of 4000sqmm to be provided. 1 no. NuAire Faith Fan to be linked to the light switches and to operate intermittently with a 15-minute overrun or be humidstat or movement sensor type. Extracts to be ducted to external air using PVC flexible ducting.

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10
Q

Did you specify a Fire Door?

A

No, as the garage had been sealed with new single skin block partition with 30 minute fire resistance. Also had fire resistant plasterboard and intumescent fire collars.

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11
Q

What did you consider when specifying the drainage?

A

Installation of a 100mm SVP housed within sound insulated ducts. (Extend above ceiling of WC)

Install Air admittance valve

Sanitary pipework to comply to BS 12056.

Underground drainage to comply with BS8301:1985 ensuring compliant falls/levels.

Drainage passing through walls are to have PCC lintels

Drains under building = 150mm concrete surrounD

Drains outside = 150mm pea shingle
Install 450mm inspection chamber.

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12
Q

What is included in a Doc M pack?

A

Doc-M packs are created to comply with UK Building Regulations Document M ;

Grab rails in a variety of colours and designs

Toilet cisterns in a variety of styles depending on what you want (including exposed cisterns and concealed cisterns).

Toilet pans,

Toilet basins

Toilet and cubicle fittings

Mixer taps

Lever or Push function flushes

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13
Q

What is U-Value

A

Thermal transmittance (heat through a structure).

Lower U-Value the better.

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14
Q

What is the unit of measure for U-Value?

A

W/m²K.

watts per square metre-kelvin

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15
Q

What is a R-Value

A

Thermal resistance of a material of a specific thickness.

Higher R-value the more effective it is at insulating.

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16
Q

What is Approved Document H

A

Drainage and waste disposal: Approved Document H (2015 edition)

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17
Q

What is Approved Document H- Key Sections?

A

1) Foul water drainage
2) Wastewater treatment systems and cesspools
3) Rainwater drainage
4) Building over existing sewers
5) Separate systems of drainage
6) Solid waste storage

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18
Q

What is a greywater system?

A

Used water without toxic chemicals/exrement.

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19
Q

What is clean water?

A

Clean water such as rainwater

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20
Q

What is black water?

A

Contaminated water with toxic chemicals/excrement

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21
Q

What did you consider in relation to AD H?

A

I had to consider the Foul water drainage, the first section for recommended widths and levels.

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22
Q

What key regulations did you consider whilst undertaking this instruction?

A

Building Regulations 2010

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23
Q

When do you require building regulation approval?

A

When you are planning to carry out ‘building work’ as defined in regulation 3 of the building regulations.
Includes:
*Put up a new building
*Extend or alter an existing one

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24
Q

What are the building regs?

A

Minimum standards for design and specification of contrcution of new building, extentions and alterations.

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25
Q

What is part M?

A

Access to and Use of a Building

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26
Q

What is a dwelling?

A

A house, flat, or other place of residence.

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27
Q

What is the difference between the Equality Act and Approved Document M?

A

The Equality Act sets out the law, but is not prescriptive on how to achieve it.

ADM provides only guidance on the minimum building requirements.

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28
Q

What specifically does Part M recommend in relation to turning points for persons in wheelchairs?

A

1500mm turning circle and 850mm height from work surface to floor.

Clear opening widths for the door to be 775mm

300mm space provided on the pull side of the door

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29
Q

What is BS8300?

A

How the built environment can be designed to anticipate, and overcome, restrictions that prevent disabled people making full use of premises and their surroundings.

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30
Q

What is the Equality Act and what requirements does it place on employers?

A

Under the Equality Act 2010 an employer has a duty to make reasonable adjustments for disabled applicants and employees.

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31
Q

How can the employer meet these duties (EA2010)?

A

1) Changing the way things are done
2) Making changes to overcome barriers created by the physical features of your workplace.
3) Providing extra equipment.

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32
Q

What is the aim of the Equality Act 2010?

A

Make reasonable adjustments aims to make sure that, as far as is reasonable, a disabled worker has the same access to everything that is involved in doing and keeping a job as a non-disabled person

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33
Q

What is reasonable?

A

Is it practical,
cost effective,
proportional to organisations resources and size,
availability of financial support.

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34
Q

How is disability defined?

A

Physical or mental impairment who has an adverse and long term affect on the ability of a person to carry out their day-to-day activities.

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35
Q

What if an employer does not make reasonable alterations?

A

A claim in the Employment Tribunal if reasonable adjustments were not made.

Compensation + Reasonable Adjustments decided by ET.

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36
Q

What considerations did you give to installing the new WC?

A

Referring to Approved Doc B, Vol 1:

1) A minimum turning circle with a dia of 1500mm
2) Cubicle 450-500mm from grab rail
3) All walls, ducts, boxings capable of supporting grab rails- impose load of 1.5kN/m2.
4) WC flush controls position in front of cistern- a lever flush handle.
5) basins/sinks wall hung with rim 770-850mm above FFL.

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37
Q

What other guidance/legislation are you aware of related to the installation of a Disabled WC?

A

1) BS8300
2) Doc M
3) The Equalities Act of 2010

38
Q

What is BS8300 Code of practice?

A

A British Code of Practice that sets out the requirements of how buildings should be designed, constructed and maintained to meet the needs of disabled people as well as create an accessible and inclusive environment for them.

39
Q

What other approved docs did you consider (Sibley Close)?

A

Part F - ventilation
part B - fire stopping
Part G - sanitation and hot water
Part H - drainage

40
Q

Are there any relevant BS that also apply (Sibley Close)?

A

BS 8300 - Design of an accessible and inclusive built environment.
BS 8000 - workmanship

41
Q

What are the 2 types of Building Regulations Application?

A

Building Notice – for the use of minor works. No formal approval is given but the process is quicker.

Full Plan – this must be used for any type of building work including offices, factories, shops, etc.

42
Q

How would you get building regulations approval for a project?

A

Anyone wanting to carry out building work which is subject to the Building Regulations is required by law to make sure it complies with the regulations and to use one of the two types of Building Control Service available:

a. the Building Control Service provided by your local authority or;
b. the Building Control Service provided by approved inspectors.

43
Q

Who is responsible for ensuring compliance with the Building Regulations

A

The primary responsibility for achieving compliance with the regulations rests with the person carrying out the building work

44
Q

What is the difference between Local Authorities and Approved Inspectors?

A

Local authorities are responsible for ensuring work complies with the Building regulations.

Approved Inspectors are approved by the Secretary of State to inspect, supervise and authorize building works

45
Q

Was the full plans or a building notice (Sibley)?

A

Building Notice.

46
Q

Why did you select to use an approved inspector?

A

More responsive and open to giving advice.

47
Q

How long was the project (Sibley Close)?

A

3 weeks.

48
Q

Were any statutory approvals required?

A

Building control approval was required, we used an approved inspector

49
Q

Were there any other key design considerations?

A

Getting the space layout correct to ensure enough room for the staff to have seating and lockers.

50
Q

Difference between building notice and full plans?

A
  • Full plans - detailed drawings required - for larger project - 5-8 weeks
  • Building notice - plans not required - 48 hours notice required
51
Q

What does the approved inspector do initially?

A

Provides an initial notice to the local authority to confirm the works.

52
Q

What documentation did Building Control provide?

A

Building Control will examine initial plans to approve the proposed works comply with Building Regulations and provide a ‘Plan Certificate’. Following completion of the works, a ‘Final Certificate’ will be issued if the actual works comply with Building Regulations.

53
Q

How did they approved inspector sign off the works?

A

They provided a ‘final certificate’ (completion cert if local authority)

54
Q

What other form of building control could have been utilised and how does it differ from a private approved inspector?

A

Building control local authority. Generally slower and not as client focused. Less expensive

55
Q

What is AutoCAD?

A

A computer aided design software that allows you to produce drawings for project.

56
Q

Please can you describe the property (DfE).

A
  • 9 storey concrete frame building (Approx 27m)
  • Combination of brick panels and unconfirmed rainscreen cladding
  • Mixed use providing residential and teaching spaces/gym facilities at Ground level.
    Built c.2012.
57
Q

Please outline the scope of works (DfE)?

A

To determine a cladding type as part of a wider data collection exercise. We were tasked with confirming the cladding type on the upper storeys.

58
Q

What legislation/guidance did you have to consult?

A

Approved Document B (fire safety) volume 2 - buildings other than dwellings.

59
Q

What was your methology?

A

There were 4 stages to this exercise:

Stage 1- Data collection- requesting all existing information on the building such as as-built drawings/Cladding Repots.

Stage 2- Desktop Assessment Exercise- Reviewing information to determine whether the cladding meets requirements of Building Regulations Schedule 1 Part B3(4) and B4(1).

Stage 3- Was a site visit to record the property including geotagging and measurements.

Stage 4- Intrusive Survey- if findings are inconclusive.

60
Q

What is the key requirement for cladding under B4 of Approved Document B, volume 2?

A

If Building Height is more than 18m it depends how close to a relevant boundary it is (to spread to another building). But currently it is:

If 18m or less: Class B-s3,d2 or better.

18m+ and less than 1000mm to boundary = Class B-s3, d2
18m+ and greater than 1000mm to boundary:
a) GL-18M = C-s3, d2
b)18m+ = B-s3,d2.

61
Q

Where there any other additional information you requested?

A

Yes,

1) We requested whether any actions were being taken to the cladding.
2) Whether an EWS1 survey was undertaken.
3) Any information that would provide evidence of complying with BR145.
4) Or information that confirms the system in non-combustible or has properties to ensure very limited contribution to fire (BS-EN13501 rating for A/A1 products).

62
Q

How did you instruct the intrusive survey?

A

As the information provided was poor relating to the rainscreen cladding, I was recommended by a senior surveyor a Contractor who carries out instrusive surveys.

63
Q

What did the intrusive survey involve?

A

It involved removing a number of vertical/horizontal panels to identify the building materials used and whether the panels were marked to identify manufacturer. The provision of cavity barriers to vertical/horiz compartment lines and cavity barriers to cavity edges were also inspected. Along with the quality of workmanship.

64
Q

What was the process of sending off a sample to the BRE?

A
  • Cut two samples about 250x250mm
  • Indelible ink to write the building details
  • Data return form
  • Padded envelope and write “Urgent – cladding test samples” in capital letters on the envelope.

Send the test samples by recorded delivery to BRE in Watford along with data return form.

65
Q

What is an EWS1 Survey?

A

Form required by building owners to confirm that external walls and attachments (like balconies) have been reviewed by a suitable expert.

It is provided to external valuers and lenders.

66
Q

What is BS13501?

A

Fire classification specified in each of the product standards that enable products to be CE Marked, as required by The Construction Products Regulation (EU) No 305/2011.

67
Q

What tests in accordance with BS EN- 13501-1 are required dependant on the product?

A 
Non-Combustibility Test
Heat of Combustion Test (Calorific value)
Burning Item Test (SBI)
Radiant Panel Test (Floorings only)
Single-flame Source Test
68
Q

What was the cladding found on the building?

A

It was a Zinc cladding found to have a rating of A1.

69
Q

What does A1 mean?

A

Non-combustible material.

70
Q

What are the Euro Class ratings?

A

Rating of combustubility of materials ranging from A-F. Including smoke propogation rating ‘s’ and flaming droplets and particiles ‘d’.

A1-A2 = Non-combustible materials
B- Very limited contribution to fire
C- Limited contribution to fire
D- Medium contribution to fire
E- Highly contribution to fire
F- Easily Flammable.
71
Q

What are the ‘s’ and ‘d’ ratings?

A

Flaming droplets and particles (d):
D0- None
D1- Some
D2- Quite a lot

Smoke propogation ‘s’
S1- a little or no smoke
S2- quite a lot of smoke
S3- Substantial smoke.

72
Q

How did the older British Standards (BS 476) transpose to the new Euroclass?

A 
A1= Non-combustible
A2-S3,d2 or better = Limited Combustibility
B-s3,d2 = Class 0
C-s3,d2 = Class 1
D-s3,d2 = Class 3
73
Q

What is PAS 9980?

A

On 20 April 2021, the Government commissioned the British Standards Institution (BSI) to draft a Publicly Available Specification (PAS) code of practice for assessors when examining external walls and cladding. PAS’s are fast-track standards, specifications, codes of practice or guidelines developed by sponsoring organisations to meet an immediate market need.

74
Q

What is PAS 9980:2022 Standard?

A

Published by The British Standards Institution (BSI) in January 2022, PAS 9980 is a guide to reducing the risk of fire spreading via external walls and cladding systems. This applies to existing blocks of flats – multi-storey, multi-occupancy residential buildings. It also includes student and sheltered accommodation, as well as certain specialised housing and buildings converted into flats.

75
Q

What is the PAS 9980:2022 five step process to identify overall risks of a building and mitigation steps to improve risk rating?

A

Step 1: Confirm that a full fire risk assessment of external walls (FRAEW) is required.
Step 2: Gather all necessary information to complete the FRAEW.
Step 3: Identify and group factors that are significant in determining the risk rating.
Step 4: Consider each group of risk factors to determine their potential contribution to the overall risk.
Step 5: Review the risk factor analysis against the benchmark success criteria to determine an outcome.

76
Q

Why has the PAS 9980:2022 been introduced?

A

The Code of Practice has been developed to support upcoming changes to the Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005 (brought about by the Fire Safety Act 2021), which will confirm that fire risk in external cladding systems is considered to arise in the presence of combustible materials.

77
Q

What exactly are the risk factors that PAS 9980:2022 refer to?

A

1) The likelihood of undue speed of fire spread over external walls of the building.
2) The likely extent of secondary fires on other floor levels.
3) The likely consequences of evacuation before the onset of extreme conditions and the likelihood of fire and rescue services intervening before all of the above occur.
4) Higher blocks of flats also pose a higher risk.

78
Q

Who can use the PAS 9980:2022?

A

Competent professionals- Fire Engineers & Building Professionals (Architects/Contractors/Façade Engineers).

79
Q

What is a FRAEW

A

A Fire Risk Assessment of the External Wall (FRAEW) is an assessment of the fire safety of the external facade of a building.

80
Q

When was FRAEW introduced?

A

The FRAEW was introduced by the BSI in January 2022, with the publication of the PAS 9980.

81
Q

What type of buildings does a FRAEW apply to?

A

The assessment covers a review of the external walls and cladding of multi-storey and multioccupancy residential and commercial buildings.

82
Q

What is the main purpose of a FRAEW?

A

It ensures the exterior of the buildings are fire safe and establishes if any renovations are required to bring them up to standard.

83
Q

What parts of a building does the FRAEW assess?

A

A FRAEW will assess the materials used to build the external wall or cladding, the workmanship of the final build - e.g. the gaps between the cladding and junctions between different building materials.

It will also involve some invasive sampling and investigation of the external walls to ensure that external insulation is also compliant with existing fire safety regulations.

84
Q

What are the Five Core Steps of a FRAEW?

HINT: EGIAC

A

1) Ensure that the building is within the scope of the assessment - whether the multi-occupancy or multi-storey building might pose a fire risk requiring a FRAEW
2) Gather all the required information to complete the assessment
3) Identify and consolidate factors that will help determine the risk rating
4) Assess the grouped risk factors and how much they contribute to the overall risk of fire
5) Compare the risk factors against the success criteria to establish what action is required

85
Q

What is the outcome of a FRAEW?

A

It will inform a Fire Risk Assessment (FRA) of multi-occupancy and multi-storey buildings, which include student accommodation, low or high rise flats, sheltered accommodation and commercial multi-storey units like offices.

86
Q

What is ACM?

A

Aluminium Composite Material:
A flat panel made from two thin aluminium sheets bonded to a non-aluminium core, between three and seven mm thick.

The panels have a painted or metallic finish, for example a copper or zinc effect. ACM cladding is used as panels on the outside of buildings, including residential towers.

87
Q

What is HPL?

A

High Pressure Laminate (HPL) panels:
Manufactured by layering sheets of wood or paper fibre with a resin and bonding them under heat and pressure. They sometimes include additional chemicals to provide fire retardant properties and are available in a wide range of colours and finishes.

88
Q

What is cladding?

A

Components that are attached to the primary structure of a building to form non-structural, external surfaces.

89
Q

What is FR Grade?

A

Panels which incorporate fire retardant chemicals - will typically achieve Class B-s1, d0.

Panels manufactured without fire retardant chemicals are typically Class C or D, depending on the thickness of the panel.

90
Q

Why is HPL/ACM dangerous?

A

Unsafe due to the core element and the coating material. An example of a core element is polyethelene which is a non-fire retardent material & PE coatings.

91
Q

Can you give some examples of where ACM/HPL was used?

A

Grenfell- ACM

The Cube, Bolton- HPL.

15 Construction Technology and Enviromental Services (4 decks)

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