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Clin Path Test 2 > Leukocyte evaluation > Flashcards

Leukocyte evaluation Flashcards

1
Q

Normal leukocyte count for cats and dogs

A

5,000-15,000

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2
Q

Leukemoid response

A

Increase in leukocytes (about 50,000 leuks per micL)

Indicates serious acute inflammation

Looks like leukemia

Causes

1. Infectious processes: pyothorax, pyelonephritis, septic peritonitis, pyometra, abscesses, pneumonia

2. Immune-mediated disorders (IMHA), glomerulonephritis, polyarthritis, vasculitis

3. Differentiate from CML

4. Will mostly see in dogs because they ahve such a huge neut reserve in BM

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3
Q

Falsly elevated leukocyte count

A

Blood machines will count nucleated RBCs as leukocytes

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4
Q

Cats / Dogs / Horses normal leukocyte count

A

Neuts: 70%

Lymphocytes: 30%

Monocytes: 5%

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5
Q

Cattle / Ruminant normal leukocyte count

A

Neuts: 50%

Lymphocytes: 50 %

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6
Q

Normal neutrophil storage pool

A

Bone Marrow

Dogs > Cats > Horses > Cows and sheep

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7
Q

When evaulating leukocytes

A

Consider total amounts of cell lines, percentages can be misleading

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8
Q

Hypersegmentation in neutrophils

A

Five or more distinct nuclear lobes

Endogenous or exogenous glucocorticoids (older neutrophils staying in circulation because macs aren’t eating them after their 10 hrs in circulation)

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9
Q

Granulocytes

A

Basophils

Eosinophils

Neutrophils

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10
Q

Chediak-Higashi

A

Neutrophil function problem, cannot form phagolysosome

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11
Q

Neutrophilic granules seen in

A

Siamese cats and healthy foals

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12
Q

Left Shifting

A

More immature forms of neutrophils are coming out of bone marrow.

Sign of inflammation

Normal: 0-300 bands per mic/L

=> elevating bands = INFLAMMATORY LEUKOGRAM!!!

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13
Q

Neutrophilic toxicity

A

Refers to immaturity in neutrophils (from accelerated release from bone marrow) and indicates inflammation

=> Haven’t had time to clean up basophilic RNA in cytoplasm

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14
Q

Neutrophil tox rating

A

1+ toxicity = Dohle bodies OR basophilic cytoplasm

2+ toxicity = Dohle bodies AND basophilic cytoplasm

3+ toxicity = vacuolization of cytoplasm (foamy), Dohle bodies and basophilic cytoplasm

=> vacuolization is automatically 3+

4+ toxicity = granulation band ‘band neutrophil’

=> Band neut = immature neut

=> Segmented neut = mature neut

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15
Q

Tick borne disease

A

shifting leg lameness

thrombocytopenia

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16
Q

Regenerative left shift

A

Mature neutrophophils dominate.

Mature (segmented or ‘segs’) > immature (bands, metamyelocytes, myelocytes)

Better prognosis

17
Q

Degenerative Left shift

A

Immature neutrophils dominate

Immature (bands, metamyelocytes, myelocytes) > segs

Worse prognosis, bone marrow is not keeping up with demand

18
Q

Pelger-Huet Anomaly

A

Common in Australian Shepherd dogs

Cannot segment neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils but they are still functional

19
Q

hypersegmented neutrophils normal in

A

Horses

20
Q

Causes of neutrophilia

A

Epinephrine

=> causes BV and spleen to contract and release neuts

=> Physiologic neutrophilia

=> No neutrophil toxicity or left shift

Glucocorticoids

=> prednisone causes neutrophils not to egress from blood (lots of old neuts in blood)

21
Q

Inflammatory leukogram

A

> 300 bands

More immature neuts (bands) usually with neut toxicity

Often occurs with underlying stress leukogram in hospitalized patients

22
Q

Pysiologic leukogram

A

caused by stress/excitement

caused by vasoconstriction and splenic contraction

mature neutrophilia with lymphocytosis

30 minute blood draw

up to 20,000 lymphotyctes/micL in scared cats

Think physiologic or excitement with lymphocytosis in cats

23
Q

Stress leukogram

A

Mature neutrophilia, lymphopenia, eosinopenia, monocytosis

LYMPHOPENIA may be only salient feature because of an underlying inflammatory leukogram

Glucocorticoid effects: neutrophils can’t exxtravasate out of circulation into tissues so they build up in blood (neutrophilia)

24
Q

Mixed leukogram

A

Bands high > equal to 300/micL

Lymphopenia

Inflammatory leukogram with underlying stress leukogram (b/c of lymphopenia)

25
Q

Neutropenia causes

A
  1. Increased utilization or destruction
  2. Acute infection before granulocytic hyperplasia has had time to occur.
  3. Overwhelming sepsis or endotoxemia!!

4. Look for an infection (migration into tissues is most common)

  1. Decreased marrow production

6. Estrogen toxicity in dogs and ferrets

  1. Viral infections (Parvo)
  2. Severe chronic ehrlichiosis
26
Q

Common causes of eosinophelia

A

Cancers (Eosinophilic leukemia…very rare)

mast cell tumors

T-cell lymphomas

Dogs: round granules in eosinophils

Cats: rod shaped granules in eosinophils

27
Q

Low protein in baby animals

A

could indicate failure of passive transfer

huge risk for infections

lack of maternal antibodies to protect them from pathogens and underdeveloped immune systems

28
Q

Leukemia

A

Cancer from bone marrow

Lympoid leukemia

Myeloid leukemia

Acute: lots of blasts and immature forms in circulation

Chronic: cells are well-differentiated

29
Q

Severity of leukemia (least to most)

A

Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia < Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia < Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia < Acute Myelogenous Leukemia

30
Q

Moderate to severe lymphocytosis in DOGS

A

Raises suspicion for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)

Do bone marrow or advanced DX

Clin Path Test 2 (3 decks)

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