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Hematology > Leukocyte Development, Kinetics, and Functions > Flashcards

Leukocyte Development, Kinetics, and Functions Flashcards

1
Q

Two categories

A
  • Granulocytes
  • Mononuclear cells
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2
Q

are a group of leukocytes whose cytoplasm is filled with granules with differing staining characteristics and whose nuclei are segmented or lobulated.

A

Granulocytes

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3
Q

categorized into MONOCYTES and LYMPHOCYTES. These cells have nuclei that are not segmented but are round, oval, indented, or folded.

A

Mononuclear cells

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4
Q

The number of circulating leukocytes vary depending on:

A

• Sexandage
• Activity andethnicity
• Timeofday
• Differs according to whether or not the leukocytes are reacting to stress, being consumed, orbeing destroyed, and whetheror not they are being produced by the bone marrowinsufficient numbers.

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5
Q

NormalValues:

Adult:
Children:
Newborn:

A

Adult: 3.6– 10.6 x 10³/µL or 3.6 x10.6x10⁹/L Children: 5.0– 17.0 x 10³/µL or 5.0–17.0x 10⁹/L Newborn:8.0–24.0x10³/µL or 8.0–24.0x10⁹/L

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6
Q

Overall function of leukocytes is in mediating immunity:

A

• Innate
• Adaptive

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7
Q

Neutrophils in two forms:

A

Segmented
Band shape

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8
Q

Major cytokine responsible for the stimulation:

A

Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor (G-CSF)

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9
Q

also known as colony-forming units granulocyte, erythrocyte, monocyte and megakaryocyte(CFU-GEMMs)

A

CMP

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10
Q

consists of HSCs that are capable of self-renewal and differentiation.

A

Stem cell pool

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11
Q

consists of cells that are dividing

A

Proliferation pool

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12
Q

consists of cells undergoing nuclear maturation that form the marrow reserve and are available for release

A

Maturation pool

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13
Q

(Maturation pool)

Releases:

A

metamyelocytes, band neutrophils, and segmented neutrophils

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14
Q

Proliferation pool releases

A

Myeloblast
Promyelocytes
Myelocytes

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15
Q

is characterized by:
• A high N:C ratio of 8:1 to 4:1;
• Slightly basophilic cytoplasm;
• Fine nuclear chromatin; and
• Two to four visible nucleoli.
• It has no visible granules when observed under light microscopy with Romanowsky stain.

A

Type 1 myeloblasts

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16
Q

Shows the presence of dispersed primary (azurophilic) granules in the cytoplasm which does not exceed 20 per cell

A

Type II Myeloblast

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17
Q

• Have a darker chromatin and a more purple cytoplasm
• Rare in normal bone marrows, but they can be seen in certain types of acute myeloidleukemias

A

Type III myeloblasts

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18
Q

It has been proposed to combine Type II and Type III blasts into a single category of

A

granular blasts

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19
Q

• Comprise 1% to 5% of the nucleated cells in the bonemarrow.
• Relatively larger than the myeloblast cells and measure16 to25 µmindiameter.

A

Promyelocyte

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20
Q

• Nucleus: round to oval and is often eccentric.
• A paranuclear halo or “hof” is usually seen in normal promyelocytes but not in the malignant promyelocytes of acutepromyelocytic leukemia.
• Chromatin clumping may be visible, esp. around the edges of the nucleus.
• One to three nucleoli may be seen but may be obscured by thegranules

A

Promyelocyte

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21
Q

• The cytoplasm is evenly basophilic and full of primary (azurophilic) granules. These granules are the first in a series of granules to be produced during neutrophil maturation

A

Promyelocyte

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22
Q

• Make up 6% to 17% of the nucleated cells in the bone marrow
• Final stage to whichmitosis occurs
• Cell begins to manufacture secondary (specific) neutrophil granules.

A

Neutrophil myelocytes

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23
Q

may look very similar to the promyelocytes in size and nuclear characteristics except that patches of grainy pale pink cytoplasm representing secondary granules begin to be evident in the area of the Golgi apparatus, referred to as “dawn of neutrophilia”. The granules eventually turn more lavender-pink than blue.

A

Early myelocytes

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24
Q

measures 15– 18 µm, and the nucleus has considerably more heterochromatin. Nucleoli are difficult to see by light microscopy.

A

Late myelocytes

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25
Q

• Consists of 3% to 20% of nucleated marrow cells.
• The nucleus is indented (kidney bean shaped or peanut shaped), and the chromatin is increasingly clumped.
• Synthesis of tertiary (gelatinase) granules may begin during this stage.
• Cytoplasm contains very little residual RNA and therefore little or no basophilia

A

Neutrophil metamyelocytes

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26
Q

• Makes up 9% to 32% of nucleated marrow cells and 0% to 5% of the nucleated peripheral blood cells.
• Evidence of basophilia is absent
• Secretory granules, also known as secretory vesicles, may begin to be formed during this stage.
• Nucleus is highly clumped and nuclear indentation that began in the metamyelocyte stage now exceeds one half the diameter of thenucleus.

A

Neutrophil band

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27
Q

• Make up 7% to 30% of nucleated cells in the bone marrow.
• Secretory granules continue to be formed • The only morphologic difference between segmented neutrophils and bands is the presence of between two and five nuclear lobes connected by threadlike filaments. • Present in highest numbers among the leukocytes in adults.

A

Segmented neutrophils

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28
Q

• Formed during the promyelocyte stage
• Last to be released through exocytosis

A

PRIMARY (AZUROPHILIC) GRANULES

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29
Q

• Formed during the myelocyte and metamyelocyte stage
• Third to be released through exocytosis

A

SECONDARY (SPECIFIC) GRANULES

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30
Q

• Formed during metamyelocyte and band stages
• Second to be released

A

TERTIARY GRANULES

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31
Q

• Formed during band and segmented neutrophil stages
• First to be released (fuse toplasma membrane)

A

SECRETORY GRANULES (Secretory Vesicles)

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32
Q

Involves the movement of neutrophils and neutrophil precursors between the different pools in the bone marrow, the peripheral blood, and tissues.

A

Neutrophil kinetics

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33
Q

The transit time from myeloblast through myelocyte has been estimated to be roughly _____, and the transmit time through the maturation pool is approximately _____.

A
  • 6 days
  • 4-6 days
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34
Q

Half-life of neutrophils:

A

approximately 7 hours

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35
Q

Onceinthe peripheral blood, neutrophils are divided randomly into a

A

CNP and MNP

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36
Q

_____ ______are of significant importance in allowing neutrophils to marginate as well as exit the blood and enter the tissues by the process known as ______

A
  • Integrins and selectins
  • diapedesis
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37
Q

Major function of neutrophil

A

PHAGOCYTOSIS and DESTRUCTION of foreign material and microorganisms.

38
Q

Neutrophil

Steps of phagocytosis

A
  1. Recognition and Attachment
  2. Attachment and Engulfment
  3. Killing and Digestion
  4. Formation of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs)
39
Q

The term has been used to describe the unique form of neutrophil cell death

A

NETosis

40
Q

These cells are “acid loving” that causes them to appear brick red after staining with eosin.

A

Eosinophils

41
Q

Eosinophils arise from

A

CMP

42
Q

Eosinophilic promyelocytes can be identified cytochemically due to the presence of _______ in their primary granules.

A

Charcot-Leyden crystal protein

43
Q

The first maturation phase that can be identified as eosinophilic using light microscopy and Romanowsky staining is the

A

Early myelocyte

44
Q

Characterizedby the presence of large, pale, reddish-orange secondary granules, along with azure granules in blue cytoplasm.

A

Eosinophil myelocyte

45
Q

Eosinophil Metamyelocytes and Bands

Secondary granules increase in number, and a third type of granule is generated called

A

Secretory granule or secretory vesicle

46
Q

Eosinophil Metamyelocytes and Bands

Electron microscopy indicates the presence of two other organelles:

A

lipid bodies and small lysosomal granules

47
Q

• Usually display a bilobed nucleus.
• The cytoplasm contains characteristic refractile, orange-red secondary granules.

A

Mature eosinophils

48
Q

Eosinophil primary granules

A

Charcot-leyden crystal protein

49
Q

The time from the last myelocyte mitotic division to the emergence of mature eosinophils from the marrow is about

A

3.5 days

50
Q

The mean turn over if eosinophils is approximately _____ cells/kg per day

A

2.2 x 10⁸

51
Q

Eosinophil in the marrow:

A

9 and14 x10⁸ cells/kg

52
Q

Once in the circulation, eosinophils have a circulating half-life of roughly ______ but it is prolonged wheneosinophilia occurs.

A

18 hours

53
Q

Eosinophil survival time in human tissues ranges from

A

2-5 days

54
Q

Ways of eosinophils to degranulate

A
  • CLASSICAL EXOCYTOSIS
  • COMPOUND EXOCYTOSIS
  • PIECEMEAL DEGRANULATION
55
Q

(Eosinophil degranulation)

granules move to the plasma membrane, fuse with the membrane, and empty their contents into the extracellular space.

A

CLASSICAL EXOCYTOSIS

56
Q

(Eosinophil degranulation)

is a second mechanism in which granules fuse together within the eosinophil prior to fusing with the plasma membrane.

A

COMPOUND EXOCYTOSIS

57
Q

Third method, in which secretory vesicles remove specific proteins from the secondary granules. These vesicles then migrate to the plasma membrane and fuse to empty the specific proteins into the extracellular space.

A

PIECEMEAL DEGRANULATION

58
Q

Eosinophils also regulate mast cell function through the release of ______ that causes mast cell degranulation as well as cytokine production

A

major basic protein (MBP)

59
Q

is a hallmark of allergic disorders

A

Eosinophilia

60
Q

is capable of destroying tissue-invading helminths through the secretion of major basic protein and eosinophil cationic protein as well as the production of reactive species

A

Eosinophil

61
Q

Are the least numerous WBCs that make up between 0% and 2% of circulating leukocytes and less than 1% of nucleated cells in the bone marrow.

A

Basophils

62
Q

Lifespan of a mature basophil

A

60 hours

63
Q

Functions as initiators of the allergic inflammation through the release of preformed cytokines.

A

Basophils

64
Q

Also involved in helminth infections and also paly a nonredundant role in mediating acquired immunity against ticks.

A

Basophils

65
Q

Mast cell progenitors (MCPs) originate from the

A

bone marrow and spleen

66
Q

The major cytokine responsible for mast cell maturation and differentiation

A

KIT ligand (stem cell factor)

67
Q

_____ is the major cytokine responsible for the growth and differentiation of monocytes.

A

Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor (M-CSF)

68
Q

Morphologic stages of monocyte development are

A

monoblasts, promonocytes, and monocytes

69
Q

Monocytes are slightly immature cells whose ultimate goal is to enter the tissues and mature into

A

macrophages, osteoclasts, and dendritic cells

70
Q

The nucleus may be round, oval, or kidney shaped, but more frequently is deeply indented (horseshoe shaped) or folded on itself.

A

Monocytes

71
Q

Monocytes chromatin pattern is looser than other leukocytes and is sometimes described as

A

“lacelike or stringy”

72
Q

Monocyte cytoplasm is blue-gray, with fine azure granules often referred to

A

azure dust or ground-glass appearance

73
Q

• Liver –
• Lungs –
• Brain –
• Skin –
• Spleen –
• Intestines –

A

–Kupffer cells
–alveolar macrophages
–microglia
–Langerhans cells
–Splenic Macrophages
– intestinal macrophages

74
Q

• Peritoneum –
• Bone –
• Synovial macrophages –
• Kidneys –
• Reproductive organ macrophages
• Lymph node –

A

–peritoneal macrophages
–osteoclasts
–type A cell
–renal macrophages
• Reproductive organ macrophages
–dendritic cells

75
Q

Monocyte/Macrophage Functions

A
  • Innate Immunity
  • Adaptive Immunity
  • Housekeeping functions
76
Q

LYMPHOCYTES Divided into three major groups:

A

• T cells
• B cells
• Natural Killer (NK) Cells

77
Q

play major role in the adaptive immunity

A

T cells and B cells

78
Q

B and T cell development can be subdivided into:

A

Antigen-independent and Antigen-dependent phases

79
Q

B lymphocytes develop initially in the bone marrow and go through three stages known as

A

pro-B, pre-B and immature B cells

80
Q

Immature B cells, also known as

A

Hematogones

81
Q

Effector B cells are antibody producing cells known as

A
  • plasma cells (top)
  • plasmacytoid lymphocytes (bottom)
82
Q

responsible for immunological memory

A

Memory cells

83
Q

are produced much faster, are more prolonged, and are more effective than the events of the primary response

A

Secondary humoral responses

84
Q

T cells are subdivided into major categories:

A

CYTOTOXIC (KILLER) T CELLS
HELPER T CELLS
REGULATORY T CELLS–

85
Q
  • are CD8+ and specialize in killing virus-infected, cancer, or foreign graft cells. Releases toxic chemicals called PERFORINS and GRANZYMES from its granules.
A

CYTOTOXIC (KILLER) T CELLS

86
Q

also called CD4+ T cells; produce cytokines that promote differentiation of B cells into plasma cells, activate macrophages to become phagocytic, activate cytotoxic T cells, and induce many parts of inflammatory reaction

A

HELPER T CELLS

87
Q

–areCD4+CD25+and play a crucial roles in allowing immune tolerance, maintaining unresponsiveness to self-antigens and suppressing excessive immuneresponse; produce peripheral tolerance which backs up the central tolerance emerging from the thymus

A

REGULATORY T CELLS

88
Q
  • cells mediate immune response against intracellular pathogens
  • cells mediate host defense against extracellular parasites, and also involved in induction of asthma and other allergic disease.
  • cells are involved in the immune responses against extracellular bacteria and fungi.
  • cells play a role in maintaining self-tolerance by regulating immune response.
A

• TH1
• TH2
• TH17
• Treg

89
Q

are capable of killing target cells by secreting granules containing granzyme and perforin or by activating apoptotic pathways in the target cells

A

CD8+ effector lymphocytes

90
Q

Also referred to as cytotoxic T lymphocytes.

A

CD8+ effector lymphocytes

91
Q

are capable of killing certain tumor cells and virus-infected cells without prior sensitization

A

NK cells

Hematology (4 decks)

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