leucocytes and inflammation

Question 1

What is haematopoeisis?

Answer 1

production of blood cells

Question 2

What is leucopoeisis?

Answer 2

production of leucocytes

Question 3

What produces leucocytes?

Answer 3

common leucocyte precursor

Question 4

What are the two major leucocyte lineages?

Answer 4

lymphoid and myeloid

Question 5

Describe the lymphoids

Answer 5

small, bland-looking cells

Question 6

Describe myeloid cells

Answer 6

• larger cells
• most have prominent cytoplasmic granules (granulocytes)

Question 7

What are the functions of macrophages?

Answer 7

• phagocytosis and activation of bactericidal mechanisms
• antigen presentation

Question 8

What are the functions of dendritic cells?

Answer 8

• antigen uptake in peripheral sites
• antigen presentation in lymph nodes

Question 9

What are the functions of neutrophils ?

Answer 9

• phagocytosis and activation of bactericidal mechanisms

Question 10

What are the functions of eosinophils?

Answer 10

killing of antibody-coated parasites

Question 11

What are the functions of mast cells?

Answer 11

• release granules containing histamine and othr active agents

Question 12

What are the type of cells within the lymphoid lineage?

Answer 12

• T cells
• B cells
• Natural killer (NK) cells

Question 13

What do B cells do?

Answer 13

produce antibodies

Question 14

What are the two types of t cells?

Answer 14

• CD8 T cells
• CD4 (helper) T cells

Question 15

What do CD8 T cells do?

Answer 15

important in dealing with intracellular infection (viral infection)

Question 16

What do CD4 helper T cells do?

Answer 16

needed to direct the activity of the immune system

Question 17

Describe the development of T cells?

Answer 17

• precursors produced in bone marow
• complete maturation in the thymus during gestation

Question 18

What do Natural Killer (NK) cells do?

Answer 18

important in dealing with intracellular infection and tumours

Question 19

What are cytokines?

Answer 19

small proteins released by cells that have an effect on another cell

Question 20

What are chemokines?

Answer 20

small proteins released by cells

Question 21

How do chemokines differ from cytokines?

Answer 21

• different protein structure
• different receptors
• involved in temporal and spatial organisation

Question 22

What are cardinal features for inflammation?

Answer 22

• pain
• heat
• redness
• swelling
• loss of function

Question 23

What are the main features of systematic inflammation?

Answer 23

• fever, fatigue, muscle pain, anorexia
• with time, loss of muscle and fat

Question 24

What is systematic inflammation largely caused by?

Answer 24

cytokines released into circulation and their effect on distant tissues

Question 25

What are the possible outcomes of acute inflammation ?

Answer 25

• resolution (insult removed, tissue heals completely)
• fibrosis (insult removed but tissue scarred)
• chronic (can’t be removed)
• abscess formation

Question 26

Why is inflammation helpful?

Answer 26

• amplifies immune response
• focuses the immune response
• activates the next stages of immunity (B cells/T cells)

Question 27

What are some bad things about inflammation?

Answer 27

• may damage healthy tissue
• may be activated inappropriately
• may be activated in an uncontrolled manner (septic shock)

Question 28

Which cytokines are important in inflammation?

Answer 28

• TNF alpha
• IL-1
• IL-6