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Y3 MOD clinical pathology > Leucocyte response in disease > Flashcards

Leucocyte response in disease Flashcards

1
Q

Production and release of leucocytes from bone marrow is stimulated by?

A

Inflammatory cytokines from injured/infected areas

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2
Q

Name the 5 major leucocytes in circulation

A 
Neutrophil
Monocyte
Lymphocyte
Basophil
Eosinophil
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3
Q

Which leucocytes are involved in:

  • innate immunity
  • adaptive immunity
A 
Innate = neutrophils and monocytes
Adaptive = lymphocytes
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4
Q

Which leucocytes have granules and polylobed nuclei?

A
  • Neutrophil
  • Eosinophil
  • Basophil
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5
Q

How should a blood smear be analysed?

A

Begin count by moving back and forth across the smear in a pattern that avoids covering the same territory (and that keeps you in the optimal viewing area as much as possible).
- identify each leukocyte that is encountered until 100 white blood cells have been counted and sorted by type, giving you a percentage of each cell type or a relative differential leukocyte count

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6
Q

If < 15 WBC in a single LPF10x field = ?

If > 45 WBC in a single LPF10x field = ?

A

Leukopenia

Leukocytosis

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7
Q

Describe the appearance of:

  1. Mature neutrophils
  2. Banded neutrophils
A 
1 = Nucleus divided into 3-5 lobes, cytoplasm clear or pale pink, granulated
2 = U shaped nucleus, parallel sides
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8
Q

What are the roles of neutrophils?

A

Vital role in defence against pathogens:

  • Kill or inactivate bacteria, yeasts, fungi or parasites
  • Eliminate infected or transformed cells
  • Modulate the immune response
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9
Q

What are the 3 kinds of neutrophil pools in the bone marrow?

A

Proliferative pool
Maturation pool
Storage pool

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10
Q

What is the production of neutrophils regulated by?

A

Cytokines and growth factors

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11
Q

How long is the maturation time of neutrophils in the bone marrow, how is this time affected during inflammation?

A

Normally takes 7 days

- can be 2-3 days less in inflammation

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12
Q

If haemopoiesis stops, what will be the first manifestation in the blood?

A

Neutropenia

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13
Q

Describe the left shift

A
  • A strong inflammatory stimulus leads to release of more immature forms of neutrophils
  • Increased banded neutrophils
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14
Q

Compare a regenerative and degenerative left shift

A 
Regenerative = neutrophilia with bands
Degenerative = normal or low mature neutrophil count, increased immature cells, marrow cant meet the needs of inflammatory processes
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15
Q

Give examples of causes of neutrophilia (higher neutrophil count in the blood than the normal reference range)

A
  • Physiological response e.g. stress, fear
  • Acute inflammatory response
  • Corticosteroid induced (stress)
  • Adrenaline
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16
Q

Describe how adrenaline causes physiological neutrophilia

A

Redistribution of mature neutrophils from the marginating pool (rolling along the edges of blood vessels) to the circulating pool
- Largely mediated by increased blood flow

17
Q

Describe steroid/stress induced neutrophilia

A

Mature neutrophilia

  • Release of cells from the storage pool
  • Shift of cells from marginating to circulating pool
  • Reduced endothelial adherence
18
Q

When would hypersegmented neutrophils be seen, what do they indicate?

A

Steroid/stress induced neutrophilia

- usually reflect the fact they have been in circulation for longer

19
Q

What is myelopoiesis?

A

Production of the bone marrow

20
Q

How would cells appear if a toxic change had occured?

A
  • increased cytoplasmic basophilia in neutrophils (blue colour)
  • Blue granules
  • Less condensed chromatin
21
Q

When does a toxic change occur?

A

When there is reduced maturation time in the bone marrow because of intense myelopoiesis stimulation

22
Q

Which conditions/disease can cause neutrophil dysfunction?

A
  • immunodeficiency syndromes
  • diabetes mellitus
  • neoplasia
23
Q

What are the causes of neutropenia?

A

Overwhelming demand or decreased survival of neutrophils

  • severe bacterial infection
  • pyometra, pyothorax
  • reduced haematopoiesis
24
Q

What are some causes of reduced haematopoiesis?

A
  • bone marrow hypoplasia
  • after chemotherapy
  • parvovirus infection
  • oestrogens
  • chronic ehrlichiosis
25
Q

What are the functions of eosinophils?

A
  • kill parasites
  • control hypersensitivity reactions
  • effector cells in allergic disease and inflammation
26
Q

What are some causes of eosinophilia?

A
  • Parasites
  • Allergies e.g. asthma, fleas, foods
  • Inflammation
  • Neoplasia
  • Hypoadrenocorticism (dogs)
27
Q

Basophils are potent in which kind of reactions?

A

Inflammatory

Hypersensitivity

28
Q

Monocytes are the circulating precursor of which cell?

A

Macrophage

29
Q

In normal blood what are the levels of monocytes like?

A

Very low

30
Q

What is the function of monocytes?

A
  • Circulate for short time before migrating into tissues as macrophages
  • Phagocytose
  • Secrete various inflammatory and immunomodulatory factors
31
Q

Monocytosis reflects which condition in the body?

A

Chronic inflammation

32
Q

Where does most lymphopoiesis occur?

A

In the peripheral lymphoid tissue in response to antigenic stimulation

33
Q

What is the function of B-lymphcytes?

A

Undergo antigenic stimulation where they differentiate into plasma cells which produce immunoglobulins

34
Q

T-lymphocytes can differentiate into which 3 immune cells?

A

T-helper cells
Cytotoxic T cells
T-regulatory cells

35
Q

What are some causes of lymphocytosis?

A
  • Adrenaline induced
  • Prolonged immune stimulation
  • Post vaccination
  • Hypoadrenocorticism
36
Q

What are some causes of lymphopenia

A
  • Corticosteroids
  • Viral disease
  • Loss of lymphocyte rich lymph e.g. chylothorax
  • Sepsis
  • Lymphoma
37
Q

What are the three most likely clinicopathological abnormalities in a frightened 6m old kitten?

A

Neutrophilia
Lymphocytosis
Hyperglycaemia

38
Q

How does the pattern of neutrophils differ in:

  1. stress response
  2. acute inflammation
  3. overwhelming inflammation
A
  1. High numbers with no left shift
  2. High numbers with a left shift
  3. Decreased numbers of neutrophils but a left shift present

Y3 MOD clinical pathology (10 decks)

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