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Y3 MOD clinical pathology > Equine clinical pathology > Flashcards

Equine clinical pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Break the following word down into its different meanings: Panhypoproteinaemia

A 
Pan = all
Hypo = reduced
Protein = protein
aemia = condition of the blood
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2
Q

Break the following word down into its different meanings: leukocytosis

A 
Leuko = white
cyt = cell
osis = disease
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3
Q

Break the following word down into its different meanings: neutropenia

A 
Neutro = neutrophil
penia = deficiency
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4
Q

What is meant by a lab tests accuracy and precision?

A

How close is the result to the actual value?

How repeatable is the test? (if you took a sample and ran it 100 times, how close would all of the values be)

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5
Q

Define the specificity and sensitivity of a test?

A 
Specificity = % of disease negative animals that correctly identified as negative with your test
Sensitivity = % of disease positive animals that are correctly identified as positive with your test
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6
Q

What are positive and negative predictive values?

A 
PPV = % of positive results that are actually positive
NPV = % of negative results that are actually negative
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7
Q

25-year-old Cob gelding with severe colic signs

- IF PCV has gone up where has the water gone?

A

Water has been lost from the blood into the bowel, so there is less water in the blood and PCV goes up

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8
Q

What are the 2 main consequences of no blood supply to the bowel e.g. in a strangulating obstruction

A
  • Anaerobic metabolism

- Ischaemic necrosis

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9
Q

What is produced as the product of anaerobic metabolism aka an indicator of an anaerobically respiring bowel?

A

Lactate

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10
Q

What can be measured to assess if ischaemic necrosis is occuring?

A
  • Amount of RBCs and protein in the peritoneal fluid and blood (increased permeability of BVs causes leakage)
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11
Q

How does peritoneal fluid change grossly to indicate a strangulated bowel?

A

Normal = yellowish colour

Changes to a reddish colour because of the RBCs

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12
Q

What does SIRS stand for?

A

Systemic inflammatory response syndrome

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13
Q

What are some of the effects of SIRS?

A
  • margination of neutrophils
  • activation of coagulation
  • low blood pressure
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14
Q

What are the consequences of low blood pressure in association to SIRS (think kidneys)?

A
  • poor tissue perfusion
  • reduced GFR
  • increased creatinine and lactate
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15
Q

Give definitions of the following:

  • Haematology
  • Cytology
  • Histology
A
  • morphology of blood and blood forming tissues
  • cells, their origin, structure, function and pathology
  • microscopic function and composition of tissues
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16
Q

Blood comprises what % of BW?

A

10%

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17
Q

What features make up the composition of blood?

A
  • Plasma
  • Erythrocytes
  • Leukocytes
  • Platelets
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18
Q

How can serum and plasma be obtained from a blood sample?

A

Serum - allow blood sample to clot, centrifuge, take the fluid
Plasma - add an anticoagulant, centrifuge and take the fluid

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19
Q

How is serum different to plasma?

A

Serum is plasma with the coagulation proteins removed

20
Q

What do we routinely measure a blood sample for when looking at red blood cells?

A
  • Packed cell volume
  • RBC count
  • Haemoglobin concentration
21
Q

From the routine blood sample tests what values can be calculated?

A
  • mean cell haemoglobin
  • mean cell haemoglobin concentration
  • mean cell volume
22
Q 
How do the:
- Packed cell volume
- RBC count
- Haemoglobin concentration
Differ in hot blooded vs cold blooded horses?
A

Hot blooded have higher PCVs, RBC count and Hb conc

23
Q

Give examples of 3 blood proteins

A

Albumin
Globulin
Fibrinogen

24
Q

Which instrument is used to measure total protein?

A

Refractometer

25
Q

How would albumin and globulin appear on a serum protein electrophile, explain why

A

Albumin - small protein, low molecular mass, travels the furthest
Globulin - larger protein, different globulins are spread out due to their different molecular masses

26
Q

What is the most common cause of hyperproetinaemia?

A

Dehydration

27
Q

What is the most common cause of hyperglobulinaemia?

A

Chronic inflammation

28
Q

What are 2 causes of hypoproteinaemia?

A
  • aggressive intravenous therapy

- severe protein loss e.g. haemorrhage, diarrhoea

29
Q

Define oedema

A

Abnormal accumulation of fluid in interstitial spaces

30
Q

Define colloid osmotic pressure

A

The ability of blood to retain water

31
Q

Which 4 factors of the starling equation lead to odema?

A
  • Increased hydrostatic pressure
  • Decreased colloid osmotic pressure
  • Increased permeability
  • Impaired lymphatic drainage
32
Q

A low level of … on a blood sample, can be an indicator of oedema

A

Albumin

33
Q

What signs can a horse show that indicate a mild colic?

A

Quite
Off feed
Pawing ground

34
Q

Case: colic – 4-year-old Arab mare. 3 colics in the last 2 weeks, all resolved with NSAIDs

  • Physical exam mostly normal, gut sounds slightly reduced
  • The horse is showing mild signs
  • What are the next steps at the yard?
A
  • Rectal exam
  • Nasogastric intubation
  • Blood and faeces sample
  • Give an NSAID to make the horse more comfortable
35
Q

What is the purpose of performing a nasogastric intubation for suspected colic? what is normal?

A

Can help indicate if there is a small intestine obstruction
Should expect a small amount of fluid reflux from the stomach
Can be up to 10-15L in a very sick horse

36
Q

What do you need to be aware of when looking at the blood results of a horse or cat?

A

Stress leucograms

- neutrophil levels raised slightly above normal

37
Q

If biochem results show low albumin levels and high globulin levels what does this indicate?

A

Chronic inflammation

38
Q

Case: horse that is unwilling/unable to move from a single spot, can pick up feet but not willingly
- What are the possible causes?

A
  • Sore joints, fracture (would expect to be weight bearing if it was affecting a singular limb)
  • Sore muscles
  • Neurological
39
Q

Case: horse that is unwilling/unable to move from a single spot, can pick up feet but not willingly
- How could you detect if it is a myopathy (disease that affects muscles)?

A

Muscle enzymes – AST/CK, seen on a blood test

- When muscles are damaged they release these enzymes

40
Q

How are CK and AST levels affected if there is a myopathy?

A

CK - goes up very quickly, and comes down very quickly after an episode of myopathy
AST - goes up more slowly and has a longer lag phase

41
Q

Why is CK more useful that AST in detecting a myopathy?

A

CK is only produced by muscles

AST is also produced by the liver so a rise in its level could indicate a liver problem

42
Q

Damage to hepatocytes in the liver causes what to be released?

A

Cytosolic enzymes

43
Q

What % of liver mass has to be lost before liver function is affected?

A

80%

44
Q

What are the signs of liver failure (seen on a test)?

A

Increased bile acid clinical signs:

  • decreased albumin
  • increased bilirubin
  • increased ammonia
45
Q

Despite being varied and non-specific what are some clinical signs of liver disease?

A
  • weight loss
  • colic
  • anorexia
  • photosensitisation
  • diarrhoea
  • jaundice

Y3 MOD clinical pathology (10 decks)

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