Lessons 1-13 (for Test 1) Flashcards
What is logic?
the RIGHT USE of REASON
a. when inquiring after/looking for truth and
b. when communicating truth to others
What is “natural” logic?
common sense; good judgment without learning
What are two major basic parts of logic?
(1) cure the mistakes of immature and hasty judgments
(2) guard us against our own baser tendencies
What are the FOUR OPERATIONS OF OUR MIND that we use when exercising our reason?
(1) Perception
(2) Judgment
(3) Argumentation
(4) Disposition
In logic, what is PERCEPTION?
Having a simple thought or idea.
The simple contemplation of things offered to our mind, without affirming or denying anything concerning them.
In logic, what is JUDGMENT?
When we join two or more ideas in our mind and either affirm or deny the truth of them.
What are other words for PERCEPTION?
Conception, apprehension
When we make a judgment and affirm or deny something, what is that resulting thought called?
a PROPOSITION
In logic, what is ARGUMENTATION?
Drawing a conclusion. When we infer one idea or proposition from two or more propositions we think through together.
What is a SYLLOGISM?
All the propositions of an argument put together.
In logic, what is DISPOSITION?
How our mind puts our ideas, propositions, and arguments about something into the best order so we can best understand them and explain them.
In logic, what is METHOD?
How we arrange our thoughts in the best order for our own understanding and memory and for the understanding and memory of the people we are explaining our argument to.
What is an IDEA?
Representation of a thing in one’s mind; or a thing simply contemplated in one’s mind
In logic, what is a THEME?
The object of our idea, whether or not is has a actual being at the moment we’re thinking of it.
In logic, what does it mean to say a being has an ESSENCE?
It means that being is considered as possible. The idea of that being or object can be known and thought about.
What is another word for ESSENCE?
Nature
What is true of a being or object when it actually has visible, tangible substance at that moment?
Then that being or object has EXISTENCE also, along with its essence/nature.
In logic, what is a SUBSTANCE?
A being which can subsist by itself without dependence on any other created being.
It cannot be annihilated, but its form, nature, and properties may change.
A substance also sometimes called body
Matter
A substance also sometimes called spirit
Mind
In logic, what are SIMPLE SUBSTANCES?
Spirits that have no “list of ingredients”.
In logic, what are ELEMENTS?
Simple substances that cannot be reduced into two or more substances. They simply are what they are at a foundational level.
In logic, what are COMPOUND SUBSTANCES?
Substances made up of two or more simple substances
In logic, what are IMPERFECT IDEAS?
Ideas that are only partial or inadequate representations
What kind of terms has a little “syllable of denying” joined to them? (for example un- or non- )
Negative terms
2 Timothy 1:4, 6-8 says “we know that the law is good, if a many use it ________.”
lawfully
What everyday object is a good metaphor for logic?
A map.
Logic is like a map in that it allows us to survey an object comprehensively.
In logic, what is a VULGAR IDEA?
The most obvious, shallow, or common representation of an object.
In the SECONDARY idea, what words should we avoid?
words that have obscene or unclean ideas
In logic, what is it called when we come to a comprehensive conception of a thing by its several parts and relations?
Division
We should always try to determine the true _________ of a word that a speaker or writer is using.
sense
Three propositions taken together are called a ______________ or __________.
Syllogism; argument
How does logic make things easier to be found out?
By RANKING all things under general and special heads.
What type of term refers to when more words are used to signify one thing?
A COMPLEX term
A collective idea represents things of what kind?
Things of the SAME kind.
In divisions, we must consider what parts of the subject first?
The PRINCIPLE parts.
What do dictionaries list?
The DISTINCTION of a name
A definition should be ______ and _____.
Clear; concise
What cannot subsist by itself, but must always belong to something else?
MODE
What common, glass, object is a metaphor for how logic distributes ideas?
a PRISM - it splits and defines the colors of light in the same way logic can help distribute any extensive idea into different kinds
What kinds of ideas have such little representation of an object that it can be confused with other things?
IMPERFECT ideas
A compound idea unites what kinds of things?
DIFFERENT kinds of things
The operation of the mind that draws a conclusion is called:
Argumentation or reasoning
What things often deceive us?
passions, senses, imaginations, authority of men, and customs
We should learn proper logic because many truths have ___________.
depth and/or difficulty
All our ____________ is founded on our conceptions and ideas.
knowledge
Is the secondary essential mode also called the “property”?
Yes. Secondary essential mode = property
What would be the primary essential mode of a bowl?
Its roundness
What would be an example of a bowl’s accidental mode?
smoothness, roughness, blackness, color, motion, etc…
What would be the secondary essential mode of a bowl?
ability to roll, or how much it can hold (volubility)
