lesson1 Flashcards
Front: Name three major epidemics caused by infectious diseases throughout history.
Back: The Black Death, smallpox in the Americas, and the Spanish flu.
Front: What percentage of global deaths are caused by infectious diseases?
Back: 26%.
Front: Which diseases are the leading causes of death in children globally?
Back: Acute respiratory infections, diarrheal diseases, AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, and measles.
Front: What is a vaccine-preventable disease?
Back: An infectious disease for which an effective vaccine exists.
Front: Who introduced the term “vaccine,” and what is its origin?
Back: Edward Jenner; the term comes from the Latin word vacca (cow)
Front: What was the first disease successfully prevented by a vaccine?
.
Back: Smallpox
Front: What is variolation?
i
Back: An early form of vaccination where individuals were exposed to smallpox material to develop immunity.
Front: What did Edward Jenner discover about milkmaids and smallpox?
Back: Milkmaids exposed to cowpox were immune to smallpox.
Front: Which vaccines did Louis Pasteur develop?
.
Back: Vaccines for cholera, anthrax, and rabies
Front: What advancements in the mid-20th century improved vaccine development?
.
Back: Laboratory methods for growing viruses
Front: What is the difference between vaccination and immunization?
Back: Vaccination introduces an antigen, while immunization triggers an immune response.
Front: What is the primary immune response?
Back: The initial, slower response to an antigen that produces antibodies over time.
Front: How does the secondary immune response differ from the primary response?
.
Back: It is faster and stronger due to memory cells
Front: What is passive immunization?
i
Back: Providing preformed antibodies for immediate protection.
Front: What is active immunization?
Back: Administering a vaccine to stimulate the body’s immune system to produce antibodies.
Front: What are IgM antibodies, and what is their role?
Back: The first antibodies produced during a primary immune response
Front: How does IgG provide immunity to a fetus?
Back: It crosses the placenta to protect the fetus.
Front: What is the role of IgA antibodies?
Back: Prevent pathogens from entering the body, especially in airways and the digestive tract.
Front: What are IgE antibodies associated with?
Back: Allergic reactions and parasitic infections.
Front: What is the function of IgD antibodies?
Back: Helps in developing immune responses and activating B cells.
Front: Name two methods of vaccine preparation.
Back: Killed/inactivated pathogens and attenuated (weakened) pathogens.
Front: What are adjuvants in vaccines?
Back: Substances that enhance the immune response.
Front: What is the role of preservatives in vaccines?
Back: Ensures vaccine safety and prolongs shelf life.
Front: What is the ultimate goal of vaccination programs?
Back: To eradicate or eliminate diseases.
Front: What is selective vaccination?
Back: Targeting specific groups, such as travelers or healthcare workers.
Front: What is mass vaccination?
Back: Vaccinating large populations to achieve herd immunity.
Front: What is herd immunity?
Back: When a large portion of a population is immune, reducing disease spread.
Front: Why is eradicating diseases like influenza challenging?
Back: Due to high mutation rates of pathogens.
Front: How did vaccination reduce child mortality between 1990 and 2017?
Back: Deaths from vaccine-preventable diseases dropped from 5.1 million to 1.8 million.
Front: Name a challenge of vaccination programs.
Back: Public resistance due to cultural, ethical, or medical concerns.
