lesson 2 Flashcards
Front:
What are the properties of an ideal vaccine?
Back:
• Lifelong immunity
• Broad protection against variants
• Rapid immunity induction
• Effective for all ages
• Minimal doses required
• Non-invasive administration
• Stable, affordable, and safe
Front:
What are the two main types of vaccines?
Back:
1. Whole-agent vaccines (e.g., attenuated or inactivated).
2. Subunit vaccines (e.g., recombinant, toxoids, conjugated).
Front:
What is a live attenuated vaccine (LAV)?
Back:
A vaccine created by weakening live microorganisms to make them avirulent but immunogenic.
Front:
What are examples of viral LAVs?
Back:
Oral polio vaccine (OPV), measles, and MMR (measles, mumps, rubella)
Front:
What is the mechanism of action for LAVs?
Back:
LAVs replicate in the body, stimulating a strong immune response.
Front:
What are the advantages of LAVs?
Back:
• Long-lasting immunity
• Indirect immunization
• Minimal doses needed
• Fewer allergic reactions
• Faster protection
Front:
What are the disadvantages of LAVs?
Back:
• Risk of reversion to virulence
• Strict storage requirements
• Unsuitable for immunocompromised individuals and pregnant women
Front:
What are inactivated (killed) vaccines?
Back:
Vaccines produced by killing microorganisms through heat or chemicals, making them safe but less immunogenic.
Front:
What are examples of inactivated vaccines?
Back:
Salk polio vaccine, hepatitis A, rabies, influenza.
Front:
What are the advantages of inactivated vaccines?
Back:
• Safe and stable
• No risk of reversion
• Suitable for immunocompromised individuals and pregnant women
Front:
What are the disadvantages of inactivated vaccines?
Back:
• Weaker immune response
• Requires multiple doses and boosters
• Shorter immunity duration
Front:
What are subunit vaccines?
Back:
Vaccines containing specific antigenic parts of the pathogen, essential for triggering immunity.
Front:
What are examples of subunit vaccines?
Back:
Hepatitis B (surface antigen), acellular pertussis, meningococcal polysaccharide vaccines.
Front:
What are conjugate vaccines?
Back:
Vaccines with polysaccharides chemically linked to proteins to enhance immune response, e.g., Hib vaccine.
Front:
What are toxoid vaccines?
Back:
Vaccines derived from detoxified bacterial exotoxins, e.g., diphtheria and tetanus vaccines.
Front:
What is the duration of protective immunity for cholera and BCG vaccines?
Back:
• Cholera: Short-term (months)
• BCG: 5 years or more
Front:
Which vaccine provides 100% protection?
Back:
Yellow fever vaccine.
Front:
What are absolute contraindications for vaccines?
Back:
• History of anaphylaxis
• Severe reactions to pertussis vaccination
• HIV infection (except for measles vaccine)
Front:
What are temporary contraindications for vaccines?
Back:
• Pregnancy
• Severe illness requiring hospitalization
• Recent blood transfusion
Front:
What are some conditions that are not contraindications to vaccination?
Back:
• Mild illness (e.g., colds, diarrhea)
• Allergies and asthma
• Premature birth
• Breastfeeding
Front:
What are the vaccination recommendations for healthcare workers?
Back:
Hepatitis B, Influenza, MMR.
Front:
What vaccines are recommended for veterinarians?
Back:
Rabies, plague, anthrax.
Front:
What are the key vaccines for military personnel?
Back:
Pneumococcal, meningococcal, influenza, BCG, tetanus.
Front:
What are vaccines for bioterrorism agents?
Back:
Anthrax, smallpox, plague, tularemia, botulism, hemorrhagic fevers.
Front:
What is passive immunization?
Back:
Providing antibodies directly (e.g., for immunocompromised individuals or post-exposure).
Front:
What vaccines are suitable for pregnant women?
Back:
Inactivated vaccines like influenza and Tdap.
Front:
What vaccines are recommended for travelers?
Back:
Hepatitis A, typhoid, yellow fever, cholera.
Front:
What are the risks of live vaccines in pregnancy?
Back:
Theoretical risk of fetal infection; thus, not recommended.
Front:
Why are multiple doses required for inactivated vaccines?
Back:
They elicit weaker immune responses and need boosters for sustained immunity.
