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MMI 133 > lesson seven > Flashcards

lesson seven Flashcards

1
Q

fungi

A
  • nosocomial (hospital acquired) infections and opportunistic infections of immunocompromised
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2
Q

ergosterol

A
  • cell walls of fungi:
    1. chitin: stains with calcium-binding agents
    2. ergosterol: in cell membrane
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3
Q

amphotericin B

A

most widely used antifungal drug

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4
Q

3 types of fungi

A
  1. molds
  2. yeasts
  3. thermally dimorphic
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5
Q

molds

A
  • body of fungus called thallus
  • most molds are aerobic only
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6
Q

yeasts

A
  • oval or spherical
  • reproduces by budding
  • capable of facultative anaerobic growth
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7
Q

yeasts: candida albicans

A
  • attach to epithelial cells as a yeast, but invades deeper tissues by means of pseudohyphae
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8
Q

yeasts: saccharomyces

A
  • yeast ethanol for wine
    \carbon dioxide for leavening bread dough- nonpathogenic
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9
Q

yeasts: cryptococcus neoformans

A
  • produces a polysaccharide capsule
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10
Q

thermally dimorphic fungi

A
  • can grow as mold or yeast
  • dimorphism: temperature-dependent
  • molds: lower temp
    yeasts: body temp
  • not infectious from person to person (the mold form is spread by spores in the air)
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11
Q

sporothrix

A
  • subcutaneous infection
  • dimorphic
  • fungal spores introduced into wound after trauma
  • lymphangitis (inflammation of the walls of lymphatic vessels) common, causes more ulcers as disease progresses
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12
Q

fungal reproduction

A
  • formation of spores
  • very different from bacterial endospores
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13
Q

fungal nutrition

A
  • less nutritionally demanding than bacteria
  • grow better than bacteria in extreme conditions
  • most are aerobic and grow best at 25-30 C
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14
Q

fungal diseases

A
  • mycoses
    1. superficial
    2. cutaneous
    3. systemic
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15
Q

superficial mycoses

A
  • fungal infection along surface of hair shafts and outer layer of skin
    m
  • mild infections: black and white piedra, malassezia furfur
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16
Q

cutaneous mycoses

A
  • fungal infection of deeper layers of the epidermis (athletes foot or ringworm)
  • caused by dermatophytes (degrade and use keratin as carbon source)
  • clinical diseases are calles tineas
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17
Q

systemic mycoses

A
  • infections in deep tissues
  • caused by primary pathogens such as the dimorphic fungi ot opportunistic pathogens such as candida albicans
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18
Q

opportunistic fungal pathogens

A
  • fungi are common cause of infections in immunocompromised individuals
19
Q

candidiasis

A
  • causes vulvo-vaginal candidiasis and thrush
    occurs in newborns, immunocompromised, and people who have been treated with broad spectrum antibiotivs
  • c.albicans is normal flora in the gut and mouth
20
Q

antiseptic

A

disinfectant used on the skin

21
Q

aseptic technique

A

use of methods to exclude microorganisms

22
Q

bactericidal

A

kills bacteria

23
Q

bacteriostatic

A

inhibits growth of bacteria, doesn’t kill

24
Q

disinfectant

A

chemical used to destroy many micro-organisms and viruses

25
Q

fungicide

A

kills fungi

26
Q

pasteurization

A

brief heat treatment used to reduce the number of organisms and to kill pathogenic organisms

27
Q

sanitization

A

reduction of the # of organisms to a level that meets public health standards

28
Q

sterilization

A

killing of all forms or microorganisms, including inactivating viruses and spores

29
Q

viricide

A

inactivates viruses

30
Q

ventilation

A
  • ultra clean air
  • high efficiency particulate air filters
  • building standards for correct air flows
  • isolation rooms with air locks
31
Q

positive pressure

A

air from corridor cannot get into room (immunocompromised)

32
Q

negative pressure

A

air from room cannot get into corridor (infectious)

33
Q

sterilization may be achieved by

A

a. heat :hot air for 1-2 hours
- autoclaving
- test for effective sterilization using bacillus stearothermophilus spores
b. irradiation (gamma or UV)
c. filtration
d. chemicals

34
Q

most important consideration that determines efficiency of sterilization

A

whether or not the object to be sterilized is free of organic matter

35
Q

spore test

A
  • -based on testing the ability of the autoclaving procedure to totally inactivate bacterial spores
    -ampule containing nutrient media and spores of a nonpathogenic bacteria are autoclaved with the object to be sterilized. The ampule is then incubated to test for growth.
    -growth (lack of sterilization) is indicated by a change in the pH of the ampule growth media seen as a colour change as the spore has germinated and the growing or vegetative bacteria is using nutrients in the medium and producing acid or alkali compounds
36
Q

chemical: halogens

A
  • chlorine, iodine
  • sterilizes
37
Q

chemical: aldehydes

A
  • sterilizes
  • cidex
38
Q

chemical: ethylene oxide

A
  • gas that sterilizes
39
Q

chemical: peroxygens

A
  • strong oxidizer
  • sterilizes
40
Q

most used disinfectants in health care

A
  • halogens: iodine and chlorine
  • halogens can sterilize if appropriate amount of active chemical is sued and prolonged time of exposure
41
Q

alcohols

A
  • kill bacteria and fungi but not endospores and nonenveloped viruses
  • mechanism is protein denaturation and disruption of the lipid membranes
  • used for skin “degerming”
  • not good for treating wounds, as they cause a coagulation
    of proteins, creating an environment where the bacteria can grow inside the “scab”
  • optimal conc. ethanol = 70% (denaturation needs water to
    work)
  • Isopropanol = rubbing alcohol - is better than ethanol: does
    not evaporate as fast
42
Q

antisepsis

A

for skin

43
Q

disinfection

A

for surfaces

MMI 133 (7 decks)

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