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MMI 133 > lesson one and two > Flashcards

lesson one and two Flashcards

1
Q

universal ancestor

A

bacteria: g- and g+

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2
Q

universal ancestor

A

fungi, animals and us, amoeba

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3
Q

sizes of organisms from smallest to largest

A

prion and virus (visible with electron microscope), bacteria and fungi (visible with light microscope), parasites and mammals (visible with naked eye)

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4
Q

how many bacteria do we have in our body?

A

10 trillion bacteria in the gut

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5
Q

E. coli genus name

A

Escherichia

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6
Q

E. coli species name

A

Escherichia coli

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7
Q

E. coli subspecies

A

EHEC, EPEC, ETEC

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8
Q

bacterial naming order

A
  1. family
  2. genus
  3. species
  4. subspecies
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9
Q

bacteria naming

A

Genus, species

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10
Q

Cocci bacteria

A

staphylo, strepto, diplo

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11
Q

bacilli bacteria

A

diplo, strpto, cocco

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12
Q

spiral bacteria

A

vibrio, spirillum, spirochaete

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13
Q

differential stains

A

gram stain: divides most bacteria into two groups
acid fast stain: used for mycobacterium

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14
Q

gram stain

A

based on cell wall structure: amount of peotidogylcan (structural mesh) in the bacterial cell wall

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15
Q

gram stain procedure steps

A
  1. fix specimen on slide using heat
  2. add crystal violet: penetrates into peptidoglycan
  3. add iodine: washes away extra CV and stains inside cells
  4. differentiation step: acetone or alcohol to rinse away colour
  5. add saffron: counter stains gram - bacteria
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16
Q

gram + colour

A

purple/blue

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17
Q

gram - colour

A

pink/red after safranin is added

18
Q

bacteriology

A

study of bacteria

19
Q

virology

A

study of viruses

20
Q

mycology

A

study of fungi and yeasts

21
Q

parasitology

A

study of protozoa and metazoa

22
Q

immunology

A

study of immunity

23
Q

prokaryote

A

bacteria, small, unicellular organisms, no nuclear membrane, divide by binary fission

24
Q

eukaryote

A

fungi, plant cells, human cells- genetic material collected in a nucleus with a surrounding nuclear membrane, divide with mitosis

25
gram + cell
contains thick peptidoglycan mesh, teichoic and lipoteichoic acids connected to peptidoglycan project outwards (gives a charge), no outer membrane, high susceptibility to penicillin
26
gram - cells
thin peptidoglycan layer (leaky cell wall), no teichoic acid, endotoxins (lipopolysaccharide/lipo-oligosaccharide), outer membrane is hydrophobic, low susceptibility to penicillin due to membrane presence
27
exceptions of gram stains
1. mycobacterium: waxy cell wall 2. mycoplasma: can’t retain cell wall 3. chlamydia: too small 4. rickettsia: intracellular 5. treponema pallium: too slender
28
acid fast stain steps (ziehl neelson)
1. add carbolfuchsin to smear 2. heated 3. add acid alcohol 4. methylene blue: counter stain
29
neisseria meningitidis
- one cause of meningitis and sepsis - gram - - over 12 serotypes based on capsule carbohydrates - 6 subtypes responsible for most of epidemics - serotype b most common in developed nations - only affects humans
30
meningitis
- inflammation of meninges in brain and spinal cord - caused by microbes infecting cerebral spinal fluid
31
neisseria meningitidis transmission
droplet: coughs, sneezes, saliva up to 1m
32
neisseria meningitidis virulence
- attaches to epithelial cells in the throat - invades and can go to the bloodstream - contains endotoxin anchored in cell wall - bacteria evade phagocytosis due to presence of capsule
33
neisseria meningitidis endotoxin
LOS- has lipid A as part of the molecule - activates blood clotting, leads to DIC, hemorrhage and shock
34
meningococcal meningitis
- inflammation/infection of the meninges - increased pressure to brain, influx of inflammatory cells to CSF - death if untreated- if treated early has very good prognosis
35
meningococcal sepsis
- replication of bacteria in the bloodstream - disseminated infection, can occur quickly, gram - sepsis, intravascular clotting - death if untreated or if treated too late
36
meningitis symptoms
- headache - stiff neck - photosensitivity - nausea - sore throat - petichiae - coma, death
37
sepsis symptoms
- fever - petichae/purpura - shock - hemorrhage - internal organ meltdown - death
38
neisseria meningitidis diagnosis
- aspirate CSF and/ or blood - gram stain CSF - culture and/or EIA or PCR - serogroup for epidemiology - ascertain susceptibility to antibiotics - administer antibiotics (empirical) directly after taking culture specimens
39
neisseria meningitidis vaccine
1. polysaccharide: effective against 4/15 types, 90% protection for 2-5 years, over 2 years only 2. conjucated: for children under 2 and immunocomprimised individuals 3. Type B vaccine: based on proteins in the cell wall not the capsule, 50-60% effective
40
neisseria meningitidis public health issues
- rapid ID of disease - rapid ID of contacts - prophylactic antibiotics - vaccination of susceptible individuals - health prevention information - reportable disease

MMI 133 (7 decks)

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