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MMI 133 > lesson one and two > Flashcards

lesson one and two Flashcards

1
Q

universal ancestor

A

bacteria: g- and g+

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2
Q

universal ancestor

A

fungi, animals and us, amoeba

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3
Q

sizes of organisms from smallest to largest

A

prion and virus (visible with electron microscope), bacteria and fungi (visible with light microscope), parasites and mammals (visible with naked eye)

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4
Q

how many bacteria do we have in our body?

A

10 trillion bacteria in the gut

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5
Q

E. coli genus name

A

Escherichia

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6
Q

E. coli species name

A

Escherichia coli

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7
Q

E. coli subspecies

A

EHEC, EPEC, ETEC

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8
Q

bacterial naming order

A
  1. family
  2. genus
  3. species
  4. subspecies
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9
Q

bacteria naming

A

Genus, species

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10
Q

Cocci bacteria

A

staphylo, strepto, diplo

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11
Q

bacilli bacteria

A

diplo, strpto, cocco

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12
Q

spiral bacteria

A

vibrio, spirillum, spirochaete

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13
Q

differential stains

A

gram stain: divides most bacteria into two groups
acid fast stain: used for mycobacterium

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14
Q

gram stain

A

based on cell wall structure: amount of peotidogylcan (structural mesh) in the bacterial cell wall

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15
Q

gram stain procedure steps

A
  1. fix specimen on slide using heat
  2. add crystal violet: penetrates into peptidoglycan
  3. add iodine: washes away extra CV and stains inside cells
  4. differentiation step: acetone or alcohol to rinse away colour
  5. add saffron: counter stains gram - bacteria
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16
Q

gram + colour

A

purple/blue

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17
Q

gram - colour

A

pink/red after safranin is added

18
Q

bacteriology

A

study of bacteria

19
Q

virology

A

study of viruses

20
Q

mycology

A

study of fungi and yeasts

21
Q

parasitology

A

study of protozoa and metazoa

22
Q

immunology

A

study of immunity

23
Q

prokaryote

A

bacteria, small, unicellular organisms, no nuclear membrane, divide by binary fission

24
Q

eukaryote

A

fungi, plant cells, human cells- genetic material collected in a nucleus with a surrounding nuclear membrane, divide with mitosis

25
Q

gram + cell

A

contains thick peptidoglycan mesh, teichoic and lipoteichoic acids connected to peptidoglycan project outwards (gives a charge), no outer membrane, high susceptibility to penicillin

26
Q

gram - cells

A

thin peptidoglycan layer (leaky cell wall), no teichoic acid, endotoxins (lipopolysaccharide/lipo-oligosaccharide), outer membrane is hydrophobic, low susceptibility to penicillin due to membrane presence

27
Q

exceptions of gram stains

A
  1. mycobacterium: waxy cell wall
  2. mycoplasma: can’t retain cell wall
  3. chlamydia: too small
  4. rickettsia: intracellular
  5. treponema pallium: too slender
28
Q

acid fast stain steps (ziehl neelson)

A
  1. add carbolfuchsin to smear
  2. heated
  3. add acid alcohol
  4. methylene blue: counter stain
29
Q

neisseria meningitidis

A
  • one cause of meningitis and sepsis
  • gram -
  • over 12 serotypes based on capsule carbohydrates
  • 6 subtypes responsible for most of epidemics
  • serotype b most common in developed nations
  • only affects humans
30
Q

meningitis

A
  • inflammation of meninges in brain and spinal cord
  • caused by microbes infecting cerebral spinal fluid
31
Q

neisseria meningitidis transmission

A

droplet: coughs, sneezes, saliva up to 1m

32
Q

neisseria meningitidis virulence

A
  • attaches to epithelial cells in the throat
  • invades and can go to the bloodstream
  • contains endotoxin anchored in cell wall
  • bacteria evade phagocytosis due to presence of capsule
33
Q

neisseria meningitidis endotoxin

A

LOS- has lipid A as part of the molecule
- activates blood clotting, leads to DIC, hemorrhage and shock

34
Q

meningococcal meningitis

A
  • inflammation/infection of the meninges
  • increased pressure to brain, influx of inflammatory cells to CSF
  • death if untreated- if treated early has very good prognosis
35
Q

meningococcal sepsis

A
  • replication of bacteria in the bloodstream
  • disseminated infection, can occur quickly, gram - sepsis, intravascular clotting
  • death if untreated or if treated too late
36
Q

meningitis symptoms

A
  • headache
  • stiff neck
  • photosensitivity
  • nausea
  • sore throat
  • petichiae
  • coma, death
37
Q

sepsis symptoms

A
  • fever
  • petichae/purpura
  • shock
  • hemorrhage
  • internal organ meltdown
  • death
38
Q

neisseria meningitidis diagnosis

A
  • aspirate CSF and/ or blood
  • gram stain CSF
  • culture and/or EIA or PCR
  • serogroup for epidemiology
  • ascertain susceptibility to antibiotics
  • administer antibiotics (empirical) directly after taking culture specimens
39
Q

neisseria meningitidis vaccine

A
  1. polysaccharide: effective against 4/15 types, 90% protection for 2-5 years, over 2 years only
  2. conjucated: for children under 2 and immunocomprimised individuals
  3. Type B vaccine: based on proteins in the cell wall not the capsule, 50-60% effective
40
Q

neisseria meningitidis public health issues

A
  • rapid ID of disease
  • rapid ID of contacts
  • prophylactic antibiotics
  • vaccination of susceptible individuals
  • health prevention information
  • reportable disease

MMI 133 (7 decks)

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