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Neuroscience > LESSON 9_DIENCEPHALON: THALAMUS AND HYPOTHALAMUS > Flashcards

LESSON 9_DIENCEPHALON: THALAMUS AND HYPOTHALAMUS Flashcards

1
Q

secondary brain vesicle derived from the primary brain vesicle prosencephalon; midline structure with symmetrical right and left halves

A

diencephalon

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2
Q

cavity of the diencephalon

A

third ventricle

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3
Q

parts of the diencephalon

A

3rd ventricle and the structures that form its boundaries

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4
Q

primary brain vesicle of the diencephalon

A

prosencephalon

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4
Q

boundaries of the diencephalon

A

extends posteriorly to where the 3rd ventricle becomes continuous with the cerebral aqueduct and anteriorly up to the interventricular foramen

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5
Q

forms the inferior surface of the diencephalon

A
  • hypothalamus
  • optic chiasm
  • optic tract on each side
  • infundibulum
  • tuber cinereum
  • mammillary bodies
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6
Q

conceals the superior surface of the diencephalon

A

tela choroidea and fornix

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7
Q

thick bundle of fibers from hippocampus that arch posteriorly over the thalamus to join the mammillary body

A

fornix

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8
Q

superior border of the thalamus

A

roof of the 3rd ventricle

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9
Q

structure continuous with the roof of the 3rd ventricle

A

ependyma of the 3rd ventricle

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10
Q

covers the roof of the 3rd ventricle superiorly

A

tela choroidea

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11
Q

projects down from the midline into the cavity of the 3rd ventricle

A

choroid plexus of 3rd ventricle

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12
Q

bounds the lateral surface of the diencephalon

A

internal capsule

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13
Q

medial surface of the diencephalon

A

wall of the 3rd ventricle

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14
Q

forms the medial surface of the diencephalon superiorly

A

medial surface of the thalamus

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15
Q

forms the medial surface of the diencephalon inferiorly

A

hypothalamus

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16
Q

separates the thalamus and hypothalams

A

hypothalamic sulcus

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17
Q

superior margin of the medial surface

A

stria medullaris thalami

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18
Q

destination of afferent fibers of the stria medullaris

A

habenular nucleus

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19
Q

boundaries of the diencephalon

A
  • rostral: interventricular foramen
  • superior: roof of the 3rd ventricle
  • lateral: posterior limb of internal capsule
  • caudal: posterior commissure
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20
Q

four parts of the thalamus

A
  • thalamus
  • subthalamus
  • epithalamus
  • hypothalamus
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21
Q

largest diencephalic subdivision; large ovoid gray matter, obliquely oriented

A

thalamus

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22
Q

relay station of all main sensory systems except the ____

A

thalamus

olfactory pathway

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23
Q

location of the thalamus

A
  • rostral end of brainstem
  • between interventricular foramen and posterior commissure, extends from 3rd ventricle to medial border of posterior limb of internal capsule
  • dorsal to hypothalmic sulcus
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24
Q

forms the posterior boundary of the interventricular foramen

A

anterior end of the thalamus

narrow and rounded

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25
Q

formed by the posterior end of the thalamus; overhangs the superior colliculus and superior brachium

A

pulvinar

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26
Q

small elevation on the under aspect of the lateral portion of the pulvinar

A

lateral geniculate body (LGB)

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27
Q

extends along the dorsomedial margin of the thalamus near the roof of the 3rd ventricle

A

stria medullaris thalami

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28
Q

structure continuous with the inferior surface of the thalamus

A

tegmentum of midbrain

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29
Q

formed by the medial surface of the thalamus

A

superior part of the lateral wall of the 3rd ventricle

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30
Q

connects the medial surface of the thalamus to the opposite thalamus

A

interthalamic connection (interthalamic adhesion)

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31
Q

covers the lateral surface of the thalamus

A

ependyma

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32
Q

forms part of the floor of the lateral ventricle

A

lateral surface of the thalamus

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33
Q

partially covers the lateral surface of the thalamus

A

choroid plexus of the lateral ventricle

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34
Q

separates the lateral surface of the thalamus from the lentiform nucleus

A

internal capsule

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35
Q

lies inferior to the thalamus and is between the thalamus and midbrain tegmentum

A

subthalamus

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36
Q

cells in the subthalamus

A

cranial ends of the red nuclei and the substantia nigra

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37
Q

tracts in the subthalamus that pass from the tegmentum to the thalamus

A

medial, spinal, and trigeminal lemnisci

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38
Q

shaped like biconcave lens; connected with corpus striatum and involved in control of muscle activity

A

subthalamic nuclei

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39
Q

structures of the epithalamus

A

habenular nuclei, stria medullaris thalami, habenular commissure, pineal gland

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40
Q

found mainly posterior to the thalamus

A

epithalamus

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41
Q

location of the habenular nucleus

A

habenular trigone

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42
Q

small group of neurons just medial to the posterior surface of the thalamus

A

habenular nucleus

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43
Q

Habenular Nucleus

afferent fibers from ____ in temporal lobe through the ____; others from ____ pass through the fornix

A

amygdaloid nucleus, stria medullaris thalami, hippocampus

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44
Q

fibers of the stria medullaris thalami that connect both nuclei with each other

A

habenular commissure

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45
Q

axons of the habenular nucleus pass to ____

A
  • interpeduncular nucleus in the roof of the interpeduncular fossa
  • tectum of the midbrain
  • thalamus
  • reticular formation of midbrain
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46
Q

center of integration of olfactory, visceral, and somatic afferent pathways

A

habenular nucleus

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47
Q

small conical structure attached to the diencephalon that projects backwards and lies posterior to the midbrain

A

pineal gland (pineal body)

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48
Q

attaches the pineal gland to the diencephalon

A

pineal stalk

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49
Q

structure that recess found on the base of the pineal stalk is continuous with

A

cavity of the third ventricle

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50
Q

on the base of the pineal stalk

A

superior: contains the habenular commissure
inferior: posterior commissure

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51
Q

two types of cells in the pineal gland

A

pinealocytes and glial cells

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52
Q

cells with club-like processes apposed to blood vessels

A

pinealocytes

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53
Q

synthesized by pinealocytes

A

melatonin

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54
Q

concretions of calcified material that accumulares with age

A

brain sand

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55
Q

Microscopic Section of the Pineal Gland

  • no ____, no ____ with neurons
  • ____ vascularized, no ____
  • activity exhibits ____ that is influenced by ____ (active in ____)
  • melatonin and enzymes needed for its production (____ increase at night in absence of ____)
  • adrenergic sympathetic fibers from ____ enter and run in association with blood vessels and pinealocytes
A
  • no nerve cells, no synaptic contact with neurons
  • richly vascularized, no blood brain barrier
  • activity exhibits circadian rhythm that is influenced by light (active in dark)
  • melatonin and enzymes needed for its production (serotonin N-acetyltransferase increase at night in absence of photic stimulation)
  • adrenergic sympathetic fibers from superior cervical ganglia enter and run in association with blood vessels and pinealocytes
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56
Q

extends from optic chiasm to caudal border of mammillar bodies; below the hypothalmic sulcus on the lateral wall of the 3rd ventricle

A

hypothalamus

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57
Q

close to limbic system, thalamus, ascending and descending tracts, and hypophysis

A

hypothalamus

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58
Q

functions of the hypothalamus

A
  • influences nearly all physiologic activities
  • controls and integrates functions of the ANS and endocrine systems
  • homeostasis
  • regulation of body temperature, body fluids, appetite and thirst, sexual behaviour, and emotions
  • receives inputs from the reticular formation (sleep/wake cycle information), the limbic system (emotion, fear, anger, smell), the medulla oblongata (blood pressure and heart rate), and the optic system

What does HEAL stand for?

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59
Q

anterior to the hypothalamus; from the optic chiasm to the lamina terminalis and anterior commissure

A

preoptic area

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60
Q

hypothalamus caudally merges with the ____

A

tegmentum of the midbrain

61
Q

superior to the hypothalamus

A

thalamus

62
Q

inferolateral to the hypothalamus

A

subthalamic region

63
Q

relations of the hypothalamus (anterior to posterior)

A
  • optic chiasm
  • tuber cinereum and infundibulum
  • mammillary bodies
64
Q

flattened bundle of nerve fibers at the junction of the anterior wall and floor of the third ventricle

A

optic chiasm

65
Q

structure that the superior surface of the optic chiasm is attached to

A

lamina terminalis

66
Q

structure the optic chiasm is inferiorly related to

A

hypophysis cerebri

67
Q

separates the hypophysis cerebri and the optic chiasm

A

diaphragma sella

68
Q

Optic Chiasm

  • anterolateral corners continuous with ____
  • posterolateral corners continuous with ____
A

optic nerves, optic tracts

69
Q

on the superior surface of the optic chiasm

A

optic recess of the 3rd ventricle

70
Q

convex mass of gray matter seen on inferior surface; continuous inferiorly with the infundibulum

A

tuber cinereum

71
Q

hollow and becomes continuous with the posterior lobe of the hypophysis cerebri

A

infundibulum

72
Q

raised part of tuber cinereum to which is attached to the infundibulum

A

median eminence

73
Q

structure formed by the median eminence, infundibulum, and posterior lobe (pars nervosa) of the hypophysis cerebri (pituitary gland)

A

neurohypophysis

74
Q

two small hemispherical bodies situated side by side posterior to the tuber cinereum; possess a central core of gray matter invested by a capsule of myelinated fibers

A

mammillary bodies

75
Q

posterior to the mammillary bodies; transmits terminal branches of the PCA

A

posterior perforated substance

76
Q

slit-like cleft between the two thalami

A

3rd ventricle

77
Q

anterior communication of the 3rd ventricle with the lateral ventricle

A

interventricular foramen of Monroe

78
Q

posterior communication of the 3rd ventricle with the 4th ventricle

A

cerebral aqueduct

79
Q

structure the posterior wall of the 3rd ventricle opens into

A

cerebral aqueduct

80
Q

structures superior to the opening of the 3rd ventricle into the cerebral aqueduct

A

posterior commissure, pineal recess, and habenular commissure

81
Q

forms the lateral wall of the 3rd ventricle

A

medial surface of the thalamus superiorly and hypothalamus inferiorly

82
Q

limits the lateral wall of the 3rd ventricle superiorly

A

stria medullaris thalami

83
Q

joins the lateral wall of the 3rd ventricle

A

interthalamic connection

84
Q

forms the superior wall (roof) of the 3rd ventricle

A

layer of ependyma continuous with the lining of the ventricle

85
Q

superior to the ependyma

A

tela choroidea of the 3rd ventricle

86
Q

two layered fold of pia mater that projects downward on each side of the midline

A

tela choroidea of the 3rd ventricle

87
Q

found within the choroid plexus of the 3rd ventricle

A

internal cerebral veins

88
Q

structures the superior wall (roof) of the 3rd ventricle are related to

A

fornix and corpus callosum

89
Q

components of the inferior wall (floor) of the 3rd ventricle

A
  • optic chiasm
  • tuber cinereum
  • infundibulum
  • mammillary bodies
90
Q

attached to the infundibulum

A

hypophysis

91
Q

posterior to the inferior wall (floor) of the 3rd ventricle

A

cerebral peduncles

92
Q

etymological origin of the thalamus (Greek)

A

“inner chamber” or “bedroom”

93
Q

synaptic relay center to cerebral cortex for nearly all pathways; major sensory relay station

A

thalamus

94
Q

origin of inputs of thalamus

A

motor inputs from cerebellum and basal ganglia, limbic inputs, and widespread modulatory inputs involved in behavioral arousal and sleep-wake cycles

95
Q

location and appearance of thalamus

A
  • large, egg-shaped mass of gray matter
  • rostral end of brainstem
  • two thalami
  • each side of 3rd ventricle
96
Q

location and appearance of anterior end of thalamus

A

narrow and rounded, forms the posterior boundary of the interventricular foramen

97
Q

location and appearance of posterior end of thalamus

A

expanded forming the pulvinar, which hangs over the superior colliculus

98
Q

structure the inferior surface of the thalamus is continuous with

A

tegmentum of midbrain

99
Q

location and appearance of the medial surface of the thalamus

A

forms part of the lateral wall of the 3rd ventricle and is usually connected to the opposite thalamus via the interthalamic connection/adhesion

100
Q

thin layer of white matter that covers the superior surface of the thalamus

A

stratum zonale

101
Q

covers the lateral surface of the thalamus

A

external medullary lamina

102
Q

divides the thalamus into medial and lateral halves; y-shaped anteriorly

A

internal medullary lamina

103
Q

parts of the thalamus

A
  • anterior
  • lateral
  • medial
  • midline
  • intralaminar nuclei
  • reticular nuclei
104
Q

receives mammillothalamic tract and reciprocal connections with cingulate gyrus and hypothalamus; closely associated with the limbic system (anterior nuclei)

A

anterior thalamic nuclei

105
Q

function of the anterior thalamic nuclei

A

emotional tone and mechanisms of recent memory

106
Q

receives reciprocal connections with prefrontal cortex and hypothalamic nuclei and is interconnected with all other thalamic nuclei

A

dorsomedial nuclei

107
Q

function of dorsomedial nuclei

A

integration of large variety sensory information, including somatic, visceral, and olfactory information and their relation to emotion and subjective states

108
Q

dorsal tier of thalamus comprises of:

A
  • lateral dorsal nucleus
  • lateral posterior nucleus (pulvinar)
109
Q

have connections with other thalamic nuclei and with parietal lobe, cingulate gyrus, and occipital and temporal lobes

A

dorsal tier of thalamus

110
Q

ventral tier (craniocaudal) of thalamus comprises of:

A
  • ventral anterior
  • ventral lateral
  • ventral posterior (VPL and VPM)
111
Q

connected to reticular formation, substantia nigra, corpus striatum, premotor cortex, and other thalamic nuclei

A

ventral anterior nucleus

112
Q

function of ventral anterior nucleus

A

influences activity of motor cortex

113
Q

similar to VA plus major input from cerebellum and minor input from red nucleus; main projection pass to motor and premotor regions

A

ventral lateral nucleus

114
Q

function of ventral lateral nucleus

A

influences motor activity

115
Q

parts of the ventral posterior nucleus

A

VPM and VPL

116
Q

receives ascending trigeminal and gustatory pathways

A

VPM

117
Q

receives ascending sensory tracts and the medial and spinal lemnisci

A

VPL

118
Q

thalamocortical projections pass through posterior limb of internal capsule and corona radiata to postcentral gyrus area 3, 1, and 2

A

ventral posterior nucleus

119
Q

receives afferents from reticular formation and spinothalamic and trigeminothalamic tracts; sends efferents to other thalamic nuclei that project to cerebral cortex and fibers to corpus striatum

A

intralaminar nuclei

120
Q

location of intralaminar nuclei

A

within internal medullary lamina

121
Q

function of intralaminar nuclei

A

influence consciousness and alertness

122
Q

adjacent to 3rd ventricle and in the interthalamic connections; receives afferents from reticular formation

A

midline nuclei

123
Q

thin, extensive sheet enveloping the lateral aspect of the thalamus; afferent fibers from cerebral cortex and reticular formaton and output to other nuclei

A

reticular nuclei

124
Q

location of reticular nuclei

A

between external medullar lamina and posterior limb of internal capsule

125
Q

function of reticular nuclei

A

may be concerned with how cerebral cortex regulates thalamic activity

reticular formation = awareness and consciousness

126
Q

swelling on posterior surface of the thalamus below pulvinar; auditory pathway

A

medial geniculate body (MGB)

127
Q

afferent fibers from inferior brachium and come from inferior colliculus; receives auditory information from both ears but predominantly from ____

A

medial geniculate body (MGB)

contralateral one

128
Q

Medial Geniculate Body (MGB)

receives termination fibers of the lateral lemniscus

A

inferior colliculus

129
Q

formed by the efferent fibers of the MGB; passes to the auditory cortex of the superior temporal gyrus

A

auditory radiation

130
Q

swelling under the pulvinar of the thalamus; consists of 6 layers of nerve cells

A

lateral geniculate body (LGB)

131
Q

LGB is the terminus of ____

A

optic tract (except those passing to the pretectal nucleus)

132
Q

fibers of the LGB

A

axons of the ganglion cell layer of retina and come from temporal half of the ipsilateral eye and from the nasal half of the contralateral eye

133
Q

function of the LGB

A

receives visual information from the opposite visual field

134
Q

formed as the efferent fibers leave the LGB; passes to the visual cortex

A

visual radiation

135
Q

3 main categories of thalamic nuclei

A
  • relay nuclei
  • intralaminar nuclei
  • reticular nucleus
136
Q

receives input from numerous pathways then project to the cortex; massive reciprocal connections

projections may be localized to specific region or more diffuse

A

relay nuclei

137
Q

specific thalamic relay nuclei

A

lateral and anterior nuclear groups

138
Q

all sensory (except olfaction) modalities, in the lateral thalamus en route to primary cortical areas

A

lateral nuclear group

139
Q

limbic pathways to anterior cingulate cortex

A

anterior nuclear group

140
Q

widely projecting (non-specific) thalamic relay nuclei; diffuse relays of limbic inputs and other information involved in cognitive function

A

mediodorsal nucleus, midline and intralaminar nuclei

141
Q

major relay towards frontal association cortex

A

MD

mediodorsal nucleus

142
Q

visual and other sensory inputs to pulvinar are relayed to large regions of the ____, ____, and ____ for behavioral orientation toward relevant stimuli

A

visual and other sensory inputs to pulvinar are relayed to large regions of the parietal, temporal, and occipital association cortex for behavioral orientation toward relevant stimuli

143
Q

within the internal medullar lamina; receives inputs from many pathways and has reciprocal connections with cortex

A

intralaminar nuclei

144
Q

main input and output of intralaminar nuclei

A

basal ganglia

145
Q

intralaminar nuclei mainly involved in basal ganglia circuitry

A

caudal intralaminar nuclei (mainly centromedian nucleus)

146
Q

basal ganglia, reticular activating system to cortex

A

rostral intralaminar nuclei

147
Q

thin sheet located just lateral to the rest of the thalamus and just medial to the capsule; only nucleus of the thalamus that does not project to the cortex; receives input from other thalamic nuclei and the cortex then projects back to the thala

A

reticular nucleus

148
Q

neurons consisting the reticular nucleus

A

GABAergic neurons (inhibitory)

149
Q

functions of the reticular nucleus

A

regulates thalamic activity; inputs also come from brainstem reticular formation for maintaining consciousness

Neuroscience (3 decks)

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