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Neuroscience > LESSON 10_BASAL GANGLIA > Flashcards

LESSON 10_BASAL GANGLIA Flashcards

1
Q

collection of gray matter nuclei located deep within the cerebral white matter

A

basal ganglia

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2
Q

components of the basal ganglia

A
  • caudate nucleus
  • putamen
  • globus pallidus (GP)
  • subthalamic nucleus (STN)
  • substantia nigra (SN)
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3
Q

components of the striatum (neostriatum)

A

caudate and putamen

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4
Q

components of the lentiform nucleus

A

outer putamen and inner globus pallidus

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5
Q

components of the corpus striatum

A

caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus

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6
Q

other names for globus pallidus

A

paleostriatum or pallidum

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7
Q

separates the putamen and globus pallidus externa

A

lateral/external medullary lamina

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8
Q

separates the globus pallidus externa and interna

A

medial/internal medullary interna

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9
Q

structures from lateral to medial in the horizontal section

A
  • insula
  • extreme capsule
  • claustrum
  • external capsule
  • putamen
  • external medullary lamina
  • external segment of globus pallidus (GPe)
  • internal medullary lamina
  • internal segment of flobus pallidus (GPi)
  • internal capsule (anterior limb, genu, and posterior limb)
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10
Q

c-shaped; elongated arched gray cellular mass related throughout its extent to the lateral ventricle

A

caudate nucleus

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11
Q

location of the caudate nucleus

A

lateral to the thalamus

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12
Q

separates the lateral surface from the lentiform nucleus

A

internal capsule

lateral surface is related to internal capsule which separates it from lentiform nucleus

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13
Q

enlarged part of caudate nucleus that protudes into anterior horn of lateral ventricle

A

head

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14
Q

part of caudate nucleus that is dorsolateral to the thalamus near the lateral wall of the lateral ventricle

A

body

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15
Q

part of caudate nucleus that follows the curvature of the inferior horn of lateral ventricle and enters the temporal lobe

A

tail

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16
Q

region where tail of caudate nucleus terminates

A

region of amygdaloid complex

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17
Q

found between the internal and external capsule

A

lentiform nucleus

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18
Q

lentiform nucleus

wedge-shaped with apex directed ____
broad convex base directed ____

A

medially; laterally

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19
Q

most lateral part of the corpus striatum; between the external capsule and lateral medullary lamina of the globus pallidus

A

putamen

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20
Q

putamen

darker and larger; rostral part is continuous ventromedially with the ____

A

head of the caudate

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21
Q

lighter, inner portion; most medial part of lentiform nucleus

A

globus pallidus

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22
Q

globus pallidus

high concentration of ____

A

myelinated fibers

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23
Q

globus pallidus

two segments of globus pallidus

A

globus pallidus interna and externa

separated by the medial medullary lamina

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24
Q

globus pallidus

medial border of globus pallidus

A

fibers of the posterior limb of internal capsule

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25
Q

lateral to the thalamus and divided by the internal capsule into the caudate and lentiform nucleus

A

corpus striatum

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26
Q

almost completely divides the corpus striatum into the caudate and lentiform nucleus

A

internal capsule

caudate and lentiform nucleus remain joined in some places by cellular bridges

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27
Q

corpus striatum divided into ____ and ____ by the internal capsule

A

caudate nucleus; lentiform nucleus

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28
Q

striated appearance produced by strands of gray matter passing through the internal capsule and connecting the caudate nucleus to the putamen

A

striatum

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29
Q

receives inputs to basal ganglia; main input of the basal ganglia

A

striatum

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30
Q

anteriorly and ventrally, putamen is fused with head of the caudate

A

ventral striatum

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31
Q

in the ventral striatum

A

nucles accumbens

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32
Q

dorsal to the crus cerebri

A

substantia nigra

okay Peter

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33
Q

neurotransmitter of substantia nigra

A

dopamine

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34
Q

ventral part of substantia nigra with cells similar to the GPi

A

substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNpr)

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35
Q

separates SNpr from GPi

A

internal capsule

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36
Q

dorsal part of subtantia nigra with darkly pigmented dopaminergic neurons

A

substantia nigra pars compacta

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37
Q

spindle or cigar-shaped; under the thalamus

A

subthalamic nucleus

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38
Q

connections of the basal ganglia

main input/receptive site

A

striatum (caudate, putamen)

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39
Q

connections of the basal ganglia

main output site

A

GPI and SNpr

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40
Q

connections of the basal ganglia

excitatory and inhibitory neurons

A

glutamate - excitatory
GABA - inhibitory

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41
Q

What does GABA mean?

A

gamma-aminobutyric acid

nerd

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42
Q

input to the basal ganglia

pathway of dopamine to go from SNpc to striatum and putamen

A

nigrostriatal pathway

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43
Q

inputs to the basal ganglia

released by the cerebral cortex to the striatum and putamen

A

glutamate

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44
Q

input to the basal ganglia

for motor control

putamen or striatum

A

putamen

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45
Q

output from basal ganglia

output for SNpr

A

head and neck

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46
Q

output from basal ganglia

output for GPi

A

rest of the body

not head and neck

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47
Q

outputs from basal ganglia

neurotransmitter of outputs from basal ganglia

A

GABA (inhibitory)

yabadabadoo!!

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48
Q

outputs of basal ganglia

where outputs of basal ganglia are sent to

A

ventral lateral (VL) and ventral anterior (VA) of thalamus via thalamic fasciculus

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49
Q

outputs from basal ganglia

tract where outputs of basal ganglia are sent to

A

thalamic fasciculus

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50
Q

outputs from basal ganglia

nuclei involved when outputs of basal ganglia go to thalamus

A
  • intralaminar nuclei of thalamus (centromedian and parafascicular) - projects back to the striatum
  • mediodorsal nucleus - limbic pathways
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51
Q

outputs from basal ganglia

tract influenced when outputs of basal ganglia go to pontomedullary reticular formation

A

reticulospinal tract

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52
Q

outputs from basal ganglia

tract influenced when outputs of basal ganglia go to superior colliculus

A

tectospinal tract

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53
Q

predominant pathways through the basal ganglia

A

direct and indirect pathway

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54
Q

pathway from striatum directly to GPi or SNpr

A

direct pathway

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55
Q

pathway from striatum to GPe to STN to GPi

A

indirect pathway

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56
Q

matching type

disinhibition of thalamic control

direct or indirect pathway

A

direct pathway

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57
Q

matching type

disinhibition of subthalamus

direct or indirect pathway

A

indirect pathway

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58
Q

matching type

“ON”

direct or indirect pathway

A

direct pathway

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59
Q

matching type

more active subthalamic nuclei

direct or indirect pathway

A

indirect pathway

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60
Q

matching type

initiation of movement

direct or indirect pathway

A

direct pathway

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61
Q

matching type

exciting GPi

direct or indirect pathway

A

indirect pathway

62
Q

matching type

initiation of movement

direct or indirect pathway

A

direct pathway

63
Q

matching type

inhibiting thalamic nuclei

direct or indirect pathway

A

indirect pathway

64
Q

matching type

excite motor cortex

direct or indirect pathway

A

direct pathway

65
Q

matching type

decreased activity of motor cortex

direct or indirect pathway

A

indirect pathway

66
Q

matching type

(-1)(-1) = (+1)

direct or indirect pathway

A

direct pathway

67
Q

matching type

removal of excess unwanted movement

direct or indirect pathway

A

indirect pathway

68
Q

matching type

(-1)(-1)(+1)(-1) = (-1)

direct or indirect pathway

A

indirect pathway

69
Q

explain the direct pathway

A

nerd

70
Q

explain the indirect pathway

A

try-hard

71
Q

net effect of direct pathway

A

excitatory = facilitate movement in targeted muscles

72
Q

net effect of indirect pathway

A

inhibitory = inhibition of unwanted movement

73
Q

net effect of direct and indirect pathways

A

coordinated, smooth movement

74
Q

inhibitory; activates STN directly from motor cortex without intervening striatum

A

hyperdirect pathway

75
Q

Dopamine and Dopamine Receptors

receptors in striatum and most implicated in diseases of the basal ganglia

A

D1 and D2

76
Q

Dopamine and Dopamine Receptors

receptor in nucleus accumbens

A

D3

77
Q

Dopamine and Dopamine Receptors

receptor in frontal cortex and certain limbic structures

A

D4

78
Q

receptor in hippocampus and limbic system

A

D5

79
Q

Dopamine and Dopamine Receptors

excitatory; stimulates adenyl cyclase and the direct pathway

A

D1

80
Q

Dopamine and Dopamine Receptors

enzyme stimulated by D1 receptor

A

adenyl cyclase

81
Q

Dopamine and Dopamine Receptors

inhibitory; inhibits the indirect pathway

A

D2

82
Q

hypokinetic movement disorder characterized by bradykinesia, rigidity, and rest tremor

A

Parkinson’s Disease

83
Q

degeneration of dopamine-containing neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta, increased inhibition of thalamic nuclei, and reduced excitation of cortical motor system

A

Parkinson’s Disease

84
Q

Parkinson’s Disease

____ activity of direct pathway and ____ activity of indirect pathway

A

diminished; increased

85
Q

explain the effect of Parkinson’s Disease on the direct and indirect pathways

A

nerd

86
Q

degeneration of striatal neurons

A

Huntington’s Disease

symptoms include: chorea, dystonia, impaired eye movements, slurred speech, disturbances in planning, memory, processing speed, and judgement, depression, anxiety, apathy, agitation, and psychosis

87
Q

pathway more severely affected by Huntington’s Disease

A

indirect pathway

88
Q

explain the effect of Huntington’s Disease on the direct and indirect pathway

A

okay Allan

89
Q

functions affected by Huntington’s Disease

A
  • limbic regulation of emotions and motivational drives
  • regulation of eye movement
  • cognitive processes involving the frontal lobe
  • “break and switch” concept of movement

I don’t know how to word the question.

90
Q

two bundles present from GPi to thalamus

A

ansa lenticularis (“lenticular loop”) and fasciculus lenticularis

91
Q

course of the ansa lenticularis

A
  • sweeps around the internal capsule
  • looping course ventrally under the internal capsule before passing dorsally to the thalamus
  • passes slightly rostrally as it loops around the inferior medial edge of the internal capsule
  • turns back towards the thalamus
92
Q

course of the fasciculus lenticularis

A
  • traverse the internal capsule in a number of small fascicles and then continues medially to joint the ansa in the prerubral field
  • penetrates straight through the internal capsule
  • pass dorsally to the subthalamic nucleus and ventral to the zona incerta before turning superiorly and laterally to enter the thalamus
93
Q

Ansa Lenticularis, Lenticular Fasciculus

formed by the ansa lenticularis and lenticular fasciculus as they enter the thalamus

A

thalamic fasciculus

94
Q

Ansa Lenticularis, Lenticular Fasciculus

projections in the thalamic fasciculus

A

pallidothalamic, mesothalamic, rubrothalamic, and dentatothalamic projections

95
Q

Ansa Lenticularis, Lenticular Fasciculus

thalamic fasciculus is directed to where?

A

VL, VA, and intralaminar thalamic nuclei

96
Q

Ansa Lenticularis, Lenticular Fasciculus

group that projects back to the putamen and caudate

A

centromedian group

97
Q

Ansa Lenticularis, Lenticular Fasciculus

nucleus where centromedian group projects back to caudate

A

parafascicular nucleus

98
Q

Ansa Lenticularis, Lenticular Fasciculus

ventral thalamic nuclei to where?

A

ipsilateral premotor cortex

99
Q

functions of the basal ganglia

A
  • acts as a “brake or switch”
  • initiation, sequencing, and modulation of motor activity
  • participate in constant priming of motor systems for rapid execution of motor acts without premeditation
100
Q

tonic inhibitory action of basal ganglia that prevents unwanted motor activity

A

“brake”

101
Q

function of basal ganglia that selects which of the available motor programs will be active at a given time

A

“switch”

102
Q

movement disorders

corticospinal or upper motor neuron pathways

A

pyramidal

103
Q

movement disorders

from basal ganglia

A

extrapyramidal

104
Q

descriptions of movement disorders

A
  • slow to fast
  • focal or generalized
  • unilateral or bilateral (unilateral movement disorders - contralateral basal ganglia)
105
Q

common movement disorders from slow to fast

A
  • bradykinesia, hypokinesia
  • rigidity
  • dystonia
  • athetosis
  • chorea
  • ballismus
  • tics
  • myoclonus

tremor (slow or fast depending on type)

106
Q

period when most obvious movement abnormalities cease

A

sleep

I want to sleep.

107
Q

movement abnormalities that do not cease during sleep

A

palatal myoclonus, periodic leg movement of sleep, some tics

108
Q

Movement Disorders

localizations for many abnormalities are still under investigation

A

now you know :)

109
Q

slowed movement

A

bradykinesia

110
Q

decreased amount of movements

A

hypokinesia

111
Q

absence of movement due to problem in basal ganglia

A

akinesia

112
Q

marked psychomotor retardation in patients with schizophrenia or severe depression; not a basal ganglia lesion

A

catatonia

113
Q

increased resistance to passive movement of the limb

A

rigidity

114
Q

differentiate rigidity and spasticity

A

spasticity is an UMN lesion

115
Q

type of rigidity that is more continuous throughout attempts to bend the limb

A

lead pipe rigidity

116
Q

rigidity characterized by ratchet-like interruptions in tone

A

cogwheel rigidity

117
Q

frontal lobe dysfunction where patient actively resists movement of their limbs
* more active, inconsistent, or almost voluntary quality

A

paratonia or gegenhalten

118
Q

assumes abnormal, often distorted positions of limbs, trunk, or face that are sustained or slower than athetosis

A

dystonia

can be generalized, unilateral, or focal

119
Q

examples of focal dystonia

A

torticollis, blepharospasms, spasmodic dysphonia, writer’s cramp

120
Q

generalized dystonia that is endemic to the Philippines

A

XDP or “lubag”

Juan Dela Cruz!!

121
Q

slow, writhing, twisting movements, usually of the fingers and extremities (can also be seen in the face or trunk), that sometimes merge with faster choreic movements

A

athetosis

122
Q

athetosis merged with faster choreic movements

A

choreoathetosis

123
Q

“dance”, characterized by nearly involuntary movements that have a fluid or jerky, constantly varying quality
* incessant, random, moderately quick movements
* often incorporated into voluntary movements

A

chorea

124
Q

movement of the proximal limb muscles with large-amplitude or more rotatory flinging quality

A

ballismus

125
Q

meaning of “balista”

Batista the animal rahhhh!!

A

throw

126
Q

unilateral flinging movements of extremities contralateral to the basal ganglia lesion

A

hemiballismus

127
Q

leading to decreased pallidal inhibition of the thalamus

A

subthalamic nucleus lesion

128
Q

becomes subtler/obvious choreoathetotic movements over days or weeks after infarct

A

subtler

129
Q

sudden brief action preceded by urge to perform it and is followed by a sense of relief; sequence of movements identical each time

A

tics

130
Q

common location of motor tics

A

face or neck

less often in the extremities

131
Q

brief grunts, coughing, sounds, howling, barking, or vocalizations

A

vocal tics

132
Q

tics of obscene words

A

coprolalia

133
Q

persistent motor and vocal tics

A

Tourette’s syndrome

134
Q

fastest of all movement disorders; sudden, rapid muscular jerk or shock-like, lightning fast contractions of muscles or groups of muscles

A

myoclonus

135
Q

Myoclonus

  • ____ amplitude and can be ____ or ____
  • laterality?
A
  • irregular; symmetric; asymmetric
  • focal, unilateral, or bilateral
136
Q

localizations of myoclonus

A

cerebral cortex, cerebellum, basal ganglia, brainstem, spinal cord

137
Q

causes of myoclonus

A

anoxic brain injury, encephalitis, toxic/metabolic encelopathies

138
Q

intermittent brief flexion movements of the wrist bilaterally as patient attempts to hold the “stop the traffic position”; due to brief interruptions in contraction of the wrist extensors (negative myoclonus)

A

asterixis (flapping tumor)

due to hepathic encelopathy, other metabolic-toxic encelopathies, and other structural lesions of the cerebello-thalamocortical circuits

139
Q

rhythmic or semirhythmic oscillating movements where both agonist and antagonis muscles are activated resulting in bidirectional movements

A

tremor

140
Q

most prominent when limbs are relaxed; decreases or stops when patient moves their limbs

A

resting tremor (3-5 Hz)

“Parkinsonian” or “Pill-rolling” tremor

141
Q

important feature of Parkinson’s disease

A

resting tremor

142
Q

tremor most promient when limbs are actively held in a position and disappears at rest

A

postural tremor

143
Q

most commonly involves the hands or arms, can also affect jaw, tongue, lips, head, vocal cords, and legs or trunk

A

essential tremor (5-8 Hz) - familial, benign, or senile tremor

usually bilateral but may be asymmetrical

144
Q

alteration of essential tremor

A
  • increases with stress
  • temporarily decreases with alcohol
145
Q

treatment of essential tremor

A

propranolol or primidone

146
Q

tremor that is 8-13 Hz

A

physiological tremor

147
Q

occurs as patient attempts to move their limb towards a target and has irregular, oscillating movements in multiple planes throughout trajectory

A

intention tremor or ataxic tremor (2-4 Hz)

cerebellar disorder

148
Q

low amplitude at rest but becomes more violent as limbs are abducted slightly or attempts are made to hold a position or perform a movement

A

rubral tremor (2-4 Hz)

149
Q

location of lesions in rubral tremors

A

superior cerebellar peduncle or cerebellar circuitry

150
Q

What is our neuro lec professor’s last name?

A

Yu

Neuroscience (3 decks)

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