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Biology 101 > Lesson 9 And 10 > Flashcards

Lesson 9 And 10 Flashcards

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1
Q

Cell division

A

The reproduction of a cell through duplication of the genome and division of the cytoplasm.
The two “daughter” cells that result are genetically identical to each other and to the original “parent” cell.

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2
Q

Chromosomes

A

A gene carrying structure found in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell and most visible during mitosis and meiosis, also the main gene carrying structure of a prokaryotic cell. It consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins.

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3
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

The creation of genetically identical offspring by a single parent, without the participation of sperm and egg.

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4
Q

Clone

A

As a verb to produce genetically identical copies of a cell, organism, or DNA molecule. As a noun, the collection of cells, organisms, or molecules resulting from cloning; colloquially, a single organism that is genetically identical to another because it arose from the cloning of a somatic cell.

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5
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

The creation of genetically unique offspring by the fusion of two haploid sex cells (gametes) forming a diploid zygote.

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6
Q

Binary fission

A

A means of asexual reproduction in which a parent organism, often a single cell, divides into two genetically identical individuals of about equal size.

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7
Q

Chromatin

A

The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes; often used to refer to the diffuse, very extended from taken by chromosomes when a cell is not dividing.

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8
Q

Sister chromatid

A

One of the two identical parts of a duplicated chromosome in a eukaryotic cell. Prior to mitosis, sister chromatids remain attached to each another at the centromere.

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9
Q

Centromere

A

The region of a duplicated chromosome where two sister chromatids are joined. (Often appearing as a narrow “waist”) and where spindle microtubules attach during mitosis and meiosis. The centromere divides at the onset of anaphase during mitosis and anaphase II during meiosis.

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10
Q

Cell cycle

A

An ordered sequence of events (including interphase and the mitosis phase) that extends from the time a eukaryotic cell is first formed from a dividing parent cell until its own division into two cells.

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11
Q

Interphase

A

The period in eukaryotic cell cycle when the cell is not actually dividing. Interphase constitutes the majority of the time spent in the cell cycle.

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12
Q

Mitotic phase (M phase)

A

The part of the cell cycle when the nucleus divides (via mitosis), its chromosomes are distributed to the daughter nuclei, and the cytoplasm divides (via cytokinesis). Producing two daughter cells.

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13
Q

Mitosis

A

The division of a single nucleus into two genetically identical nuclei. Mitosis and cytokinesis make up the mitotic (M) phase of the cell cycle.

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14
Q

cytokinesis

A

The division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells. Cytokinesis usually occurs in conjunction with telophase of mitosis. Mitosis and cytokinesis make up the mitotic (M) phase of the cell cycle.

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15
Q

Prophase

A

1st stage of mitosis, during which the chromatin condenses to form structures (sister chromatids) visible with a light microscope and the mitotic spindle begins to form, but the nucleus is still intact.

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16
Q

Prometaphase

A

2nd stage of mitosis, during which the nuclear envelope fragments and the spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of the sister chromatids.

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17
Q

Metaphase

A

3rd stage of mitosis, during which all the cell’s duplicated chromosomes area lined up at an imaginary plane equidistant between the poles of the mitotic spindle.

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18
Q

Anaphase

A

4th stage of mitosis. Beginning when sister chromatids separate from each other and ending when a complete set of daughter chromosomes arrives at each of the two poles of the cell.

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19
Q

Telophase

A

The 5th stage and final of mitosis. During which daughter nuclei form at the two poles of a cell. Telophase usually occurs together with cytokinesis.

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20
Q

Mitotic spindle

A

A football- shaped structure formed of microtubules and associated proteins that is involved in the movement of chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis.

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21
Q

Centrosome

A

A structure found in animal cells from which microtubules originate and that is important during cell division. A centrosome has two centrioles.

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22
Q

Cleavage

A

(1)cytokinesis in animal cells and in some protists, characterized by pinching in of the plasma membrane. (2) In animal development, the first major phase of embryonic development, in which rapid cell divisions without cell growth transforms the animal zygote into a ball of cells.

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23
Q

Cleavage furrow

A

The first sign of cytokinesis during cell division in an animal cell; a shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate.

24
Q

Cell plate

A

A double membrane across the midline of a dividing plant cell, between which the new cell wall forms during cytokinesis.

25
Q

Anchorage dependence

A

Requirement that to divide, a cell must be attached to a solid surface.

26
Q

Density dependent inhibition

A

The ceasing of cell division that occurs when cells touch one another.

27
Q

Cancer cells

A

Tumor cells keep dividing even when they have filled a layer, forming a clump of overlapping cells

28
Q

Growth factors

A

A protein secreted by certain body cells that stimulates other cells to divide.

29
Q

Cell cycle control system

A

A cyclically operating set of proteins that triggers and coordinates events in eukaryotic cell cycle.

30
Q

Tumor

A

An abnormal mass of rapidly growing cells that forms within otherwise normal tissue

31
Q

Benign tumor

A

An abnormal mass of cells that remains at its original site in the body

32
Q

Malignant tumor

A

An abnormal tissue mass that can spread into neighboring tissue and to other parts of the body; a cancerous tumor.

33
Q

Cancer

A

A disease characterized by the presence of malignant tumors (rapidly growing and spreading masses of abnormal body cells) in the body.

34
Q

Metastasis

A

The spread of cancer cells beyond their original site.

35
Q

Somatic cell

A

Any cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm or egg cell or a cell that develops into a sperm or egg.

36
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

The two chromosomes that make up a matched pair in a diploid cell. The homologous chromosomes are of the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern and possess genes for the same characters at corresponding loci. One is inherited from the organism’s father and the other from the mother.

37
Q

Locus

A

The particular site where a gene is found on a chromosome. Homologous chromosomes have corresponding gene loci.

38
Q

Sex chromosome

A

A chromosome that determines whether an individual is male or female.

39
Q

Autosome

A

A chromosome not directly involved in determining the sex of an organism; in mammals for example, any chromosome other than x or y.

40
Q

Are all of your chromosomes fully homologous?

A

If you were born female, yes. If you were born male, no.

41
Q

Life cycle

A

The entire sequence of stages in the life of an organism, from the adults of one generation to the adults of the next.

42
Q

Diploid

A

In an organism that reproduces sexually, a cell containing two homologous sets of chromosomes, one set inherited from each parent; a 2n cell.

43
Q

Gamete

A

A sex cell; a haploid egg or sperm. The union of two gametes of opposite sex (fertilization) produces a zygote.
Each gamete has a single set of chromosomes: 22 autosomes plus a sex chromosome, either x or y.

44
Q

Haploid

A

A cell with a single chromosome set is…
In the life cycle of an organism that reproduces sexually, a cell containing a single set of chromosomes; an n cell.

45
Q

Fertilization

A

Union of the nucleus of a sperm cell with the nucleus of an egg cell, producing a zygote.

46
Q

Zygote

A

The diploid fertilized egg, which results from the union of a sperm cell nucleus and an egg cell nucleus.

47
Q

Meiosis

A

In a sexually reproducing organism, the division of a single diploid nucleus into four haploid daughter nuclei. Meiosis and cytokinesis produce haploid gametes from diploid cells in the reproductive organs of the parents.

48
Q

Crossing over

A

The exchange of segments between chromatids of homologous chromosomes during synapsids in prophase I of meiosis; also, the exchange of segments between DNA molecules in prokaryotes.

49
Q

Chiasma

A

The microscopically visible site where crossing over has occurred between chromatids of homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis.

50
Q

Recombinant chromosome

A

A chromosome created when crossing over combines DNA from two parents into a single chromosome.

51
Q

Nondisjunction

A

An accident of meiosis or mitosis in which a pair of homologous chromosomes or a pair of sister chromatids fail to separate at anaphase.

52
Q

Karyotype

A

A display of micrographs of the metaphase chromosomes of a cell, arranged by size and centromere position. May be used to identify certain chromosomal abnormalities.

53
Q

Trisomy 21

A

A human genetic disorder resulting from the presence of an extra chromosome 21; characterized by heart and respiratory defects and varying degrees of mental retardation. (Down syndrome)

54
Q

Deletion

A

The loss of one or more nucleotides from a gene by mutation; the loss of a fragment of a chromosome.

55
Q

Duplication

A

Repetition of part of a chromosome resulting from fusion with a fragment from a homologous chromosome; can result from an error in meiosis or from mutagenesis

Biology 101 (12 decks)

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