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Biology 101 > Lesson 11 And 12 > Flashcards

Lesson 11 And 12 Flashcards

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1
Q

Heredity

A

The transmission of traits (inherited features) from one generation to the next

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2
Q

Genetics

A

The scientific study of heredity. Modern genetics began with the work of Gregor Mendel.

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3
Q

Hybrids

A

Offspring that results from the mating of individuals from two different species or from two true-breeding varieties of the same species; an offspring of two parents that differ in one or more inherited traits; an individual that is heterozygous for one or more pairs of genes.

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4
Q

Cross

A

A mating of two sexually reproducing individuals; often used to describe a genetics experiment involving a controlled mating (a “genetic cross”)

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5
Q

P generation

A

The parent individuals from which offspring are derived in studies of inheritance; P stands for parental.

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6
Q

F1 generation

A

The offspring of two parental (P generation) individuals; F1 stands for first filial.

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7
Q

F2 generation

A

The offspring of the F1 generation; F2 stands for second filial.

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8
Q

Character

A

A heritable feature that varies among individuals within a population, such as flower color in pea plants or eye color in humans.

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9
Q

Trait

A

A variant of a character found within a population, such as purple or white flowers in pea plants.

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10
Q

True breeding

A

Referring to organisms for which sexual reproduction produces offspring with inherited traits identical to those of the parents. The organisms are homozygous for the characters under consideration.

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11
Q

Alleles

A

An alternative version of a gene

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12
Q

Homozygous

A

Having two identical alleles for a given gene

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13
Q

Heterozygous

A

Having two different alleles for a given gene.

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14
Q

Dominant allele

A

The allele that determines the phenotype of a gene when the individual is heterozygous for that gene.

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15
Q

Recessive allele

A

An allele that has no noticeable effect on the pheno-type of a gene when the individual is heterozygous for that gene.

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16
Q

Law of segregation

A

A general rule in inheritance that individuals have two alleles for each gene and that when gametes form y meiosis, the two alleles separated each resulting gamete ending up with only one allele of each gene, also known as Medel’s first law of inheritance.

17
Q

Punnett square

A

A diagram used in the study of inheritance to show the results of random fertilization.

18
Q

Phenotype

A

The expressed traits of an organism

19
Q

Genotype

A

The genetic makeup of an organism

20
Q

Monohybrid cross

A

An experimental mating of individuals that are heterozygous for the character being followed (or the self-pollination of a heterozygous plant)

21
Q

Dihybrid cross

A

An experimental mating of Individuals that are each heterozygous for both of two characters (or the self-pollination of a plant that is heterozygous for both characters)

22
Q

Law of independent assortment

A

A general rule of inheritance (originally formulated by Gregor Mendel) that when gametes form during meiosis, each pair of alleles for a particular character segregates independently of other pairs; also known as Mendel’s second law of inheritance

23
Q

Testcross

A

The mating between an individual of unknown genotype for a particular character and an individual that is homozygous recessive for that same character. The testcross can be used to determine the unknown genotype.

24
Q

Rule of multiplication

A

A rule stating that the probability of a compound event is the product of the separate probabilities of the independent events.

25
Q

Rule of addition

A

A rule stating that the probability that an even can occur in two or more alternative ways is the sum of the separate probabilities of the different ways.

26
Q

Pedigree

A

A family genetic tree representing the occurrence of heritable traits in parents and offspring across a number of generations. A pedigree can be used to determine genotypes of matings that have already occurred.

27
Q

Carrier

A

An individual who is heterozygous for a recessively inherited disorder and who therefore does not show symptoms of that disorder but who may pass on the recessive allele to offspring

28
Q

Huntingtons disease

A

A human genetic disease caused by a single dominant allele; characterized by uncontrollable body movements and degeneration of the nervous system; usually fatal 10 to 20 years after the onset of symptoms

29
Q

Amniocentesis

A

A technique for diagnosing genetic defects while a fetus is in the uterus. A sample of amniotic fluid, obtained by a needle inserted into the uterus, is analyzed for telltale chemicals and defective fetal cells

30
Q

Chronic villus sampling (cvs)

A

A technique for diagnosing genetic defects while the fetus is in an early development stage within the uterus. A small sample of the fetal portion of the placenta is removed and analyzed.

31
Q

Complete dominance

A

A type of inheritance in which the phenotypes of the heterozygote and dominant homozygote are indistinguishable.

32
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

A type of inheritance in which the pheno-type of a heterozygote (Aa) is intermediate between the phenotype of the two types of homozygotes (AA and aa)

33
Q

ABO blood group

A

Genetically determined classes of human blood that are based on the presence or absence of carbohydrates A and B on the surface of red blood cells. The ABO blood group phenotypes, also called blood types, are A, B, AB, and O.

34
Q

Codominant

A

Inheritance pattern in which a heterozygote expresses the distinct trait of both alleles.

35
Q

Pleiotropy

A

The control of more than one phenotypic character by a single gene

36
Q

Sickle cell disease

A

A genetic condition caused by a mutation in the gene for hemoglobin. The mutation causes the protein to crystallize, which deforms red blood cells into a curved shape. Such blood cells produce a cascade of symptoms that can be life threatening.

37
Q

Polygenic inheritance

A

The additive effects of two or more gene loci on a single phenotypic character.

38
Q

Chromosome theory of inheritance

A

A basic principle in biology stating that genes are located on chromosomes and that the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis accounts for inheritance patterns.

39
Q

Linked genes

A

Genes located near each other on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited together.

Biology 101 (12 decks)

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