Lesson 8: Patient Care (2)

Question 1

Digestion

Answer 1

The process of eating through both mechanical and chemical actions into another form the body can use

Question 2

Gastrointestinal system (GI)

Answer 2

Made up of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, rectum, and anus

Question 3

Mouth

Answer 3

Food begins here, and is then chewed, pushed forward by the tongue, and broken down by saliva

Question 4

Pharynx

Answer 4

During swallowing, the food moves through the throat which is attached to the esophagus

Question 5

Esophagus

Answer 5

A muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach
- Top: sphincter and swallowing mechanism
- Allows food to pass towards the stomach

Question 6

Stomach

Answer 6

Acids breaks down the food even further
- Food next moves to the small intestine

Question 7

Small intestine

Answer 7

A long tube that continues the digestive process and begins the absorption process
- Top: duodenum
- Digestive juices and enzymes finish breaking down food into usable energy
- Juices come from the pancreas, gallbladder, and liver

Question 8

Large intestine (colon)

Answer 8

The body absorbs water from the remaining undigested food matter and passes waste from the body
- Parts of the colon: cecum, rectum, anal canal, and anus

Question 9

Cecum

Answer 9

Pouch-like expansion of the large intestine
- Beginning of colon
- Chyme moves from the small intestine to the cecum

Question 10

Rectum

Answer 10

At the end of the colon
- Stores the fecal material, which passes through the anal canal and to the anus

Question 11

Anus

Answer 11

A sphincter that allows a person to control when to defecate
- Contains strong muscles

Question 12

Functions of the GI system

Answer 12

Ingestion, mastication, deglutition, digestion, absorption, and elimination

Question 13

Ingestion

Answer 13

The taking of food into the mouth to be chewed and moistened so that it can be swallowed easily

Question 14

Mastication

Answer 14

Chewing
- Uses the movement of the teeth and tongue to break down the mouthful of food into an easily swallowed bolus

Question 15

Deglutition

Answer 15

Swallowing food using the tongue, pharynx, and esophagus
- Food moves from the mouth through the opening of the esophagus, and down the esophagus into the stomach

Question 16

Digestion

Answer 16

Breaking down of foods into the separate nutrients: proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, and water

Question 17

Absoprtion

Answer 17

In order to use the nutrients in food, they are absorbed into the bloodstream, where they can be carried to all areas of the body
- Small intestine is an important site for nutrient absoprtion

Question 18

Elimination

Answer 18

Any remaining substance that is not absorbed is eliminated from the GI system

Question 19

What are the six classes of nutrients?

Answer 19

Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water

Question 20

Carbohydrates

Answer 20

Body’s first and primary source of fuel
- Found in grains, cereals, pastas, rice, fruits, and certain vegetables
- Eventually broken down into glucose

Question 21

Glucose

Answer 21

A simple sugar that is absorbed into the blood and used immediately as fuel or stored in the muscles and liver as glycogen to be mobilized later when the blood runs out of this between meals

Question 22

Fats (lipids)

Answer 22

An important source of energy
- Categories: saturated fats, monounsaturated fats, polyunsaturated fats
- Move through the body through lipoproteins

Question 23

Saturated fats

Answer 23

tend to increase one’s risk for heart disease

Question 24

Unsaturated fats

Answer 24

Correlated with lower risk of heart disease

Question 25

Lipoproteins

Answer 25

Simple proteins that combine with a lipid component
- HDLs, LDLs, and VLDLs

Question 26

High-density lipoproteins (HDLs)

Answer 26

Associated with lowered risk for heart disease

Question 27

Low-density lipoproteins and Very-low-density lipoproteins (LDLs and VLDLs)

Answer 27

Are associated with a high risk of heart disease
- Cholesterol level