Lesson 8: Nature of the Clinical Laboratory

Question 1

● Is the place where specimens (e.g., blood and other body fluids, tissues, feces, hair nails) collected from individuals are processed, analyzed, preserved, and properly disposed.
● 70%

Answer 1

Clinical Laboratory

Question 2

serves as the integral partner of medical doctors and is an important member of the
health care delivery system.

Answer 2

Medical Technologist/Clinical Laboratory Scientist

Question 3

In the past - manual, taxing, labor-intensive, and time-consuming.
Recently - less laborious, with shortened turnaround time

Answer 3

Assays

Question 4

Diagnosis and
treatment of diseases
performed through
laboratory testing of
blood and other body
fluids

Answer 4

Clinical Pathology

Question 5

Diagnosis of
diseases through
microscopic
examination of
tissues and
organs

Answer 5

Anatomic Pathology

Question 6

operates within the premises or part of an institution

Answer 6

Institution-based

Question 7

A clinical laboratory is not part of an
established institution.

Answer 7

Free-standing

Question 8

Owned, wholly or partially, by national or local government units

Answer 8

Government-owned

Question 9

Owned, established and operated by an individual, corporation,
institution, association, or organization

Answer 9

Privately Owned

Question 10

● Basic, routine laboratory
testing
● At least 10 square meters
● Microscopes, centrifuge,
hematocrit centrifuge
● Routine urinalysis, routine stool examination, routine
hematology or CBC (hemoglobin, hematocrit, WBC & RBC
count, WBC differential count, qualitative platelet count,
blood typing, Gram-staining (if hospital-based)

Answer 10

Primary Category

Question 11

● 20 square meters
● Microscopes, centrifuge, hematocrit centrifuge, semi-
automated chemistry analyzers, autoclave, incubator, oven
● Hospital-based – Gram stain, KOH mount, crossmatching

Answer 11

Secondary Category

Question 12

● All laboratory tests performed in the secondary category laboratory
● Immunology and serology, microbiology, bacteriology, mycology,
special clinical chemistry, special hematology, immunohematology and
blood banking
● At least 60 square meters

Answer 12

Tertiary Category

Question 13

●Government hospital laboratory designated by the DOH to provide special diagnostic functions and services for certain diseases

Answer 13

National Reference Laboratory

Question 14

Testing of blood and other body fluids to quantify essential soluble chemicals including waste products useful for the diagnosis of certain diseases

Answer 14

Clinical Chemistry

Question 15

enumeration of cells
in the blood and other body fluids

Answer 15

Hematology and Coagulation Studies

Question 16

Identification of
bacteria and fungi
Blood and other
body fluids, stool,
tissues and swabs

Answer 16

Microbiology

Question 17

Urinalysis
○ Macroscopic examination – color, transparency, specific gravity, pH
○ Microscopic examination – abnormal cells/parasites, quantify
RBC and WBC
Fecalysis – identification of parasitic
worms and ova

Answer 17

CLINICAL MICROSCOPY

Question 18

● Most critical
section in the
clinical laboratory
● Blood typing and
compatibility
testing
● Screening and identification of antibodies and blood components used for transfusion

Answer 18

BLOOD BANK/IMMUNOHEMATOLOGY

Question 19

Analyses of serum antibodies in certain
infectious agents (primarily viral agents)

Answer 19

Immunology and Serology

Question 20

● Tissue (biopsy and
autopsy) processing
● Cutting into sections
● Staining
● Microscopic examination
by a pathologist

Answer 20

Anatomic Pathology

Question 21

● Detection of tumor-specific
antigens, oncogenes and tumor
suppressor genes
● Assess responses of patients to
cancer therapy
● Diagnosis of certain
neurodegenerative disorders

Answer 21

Immunohistochemistry

Question 22

● DNA and RNA are identified
and sequenced to detect any
pathologic conditions/disease
processes
● Polymerase Chain Reaction
(PCR) – most common
technique

Answer 22

Molecular Biology and Biotechnology

Question 23

▪ receipt of the laboratory request
▪ patient preparation
▪ specimen collection
▪ proper transport and processing
of specimen to the clinical
laboratory

Answer 23

Pre-analytic

Question 24

● Actual testing of the submitted/collected specimen
● Equipment and instruments used, reagents, internal quality
control program

Answer 24

Analytic

Question 25

● Transmission of test results to the medical doctor for
interpretation
● TAT – Turnaround time
● Application of doctor’s recommendations

Answer 25

POST-ANALYTIC

Question 26

○ All activities performed by laboratory personnel to ensure
reliability of test results
○ Organized, systematic, well-planned, regularly done with the
results properly documented and consistently reviewed

Answer 26

QUALITY ASSURANCE

Question 27

● Day-to-day activities that are undertaken in order to control factors
or variables that may affect test results
● Regular review and audit of results

Answer 27

INTERNAL QUALITY ASSURANCE SYSTEM (IQAS)

Question 28

● System for checking performance among clinical laboratories and is
facilitated by designated external agencies
● National Reference Laboratories (NRL) – DOH designated EQAS

Answer 28

EXTERNAL QUALITY ASSURANCE SYSTEM (EQAS)

Question 29

➢ Hematology and Coagulation.

Answer 29

National Kidney and Transplant Institute (NKTT)

Question 30

➢ Microbiology (identification and
antibiotic susceptibility testing) and
➢ Parasitology (identification o

Answer 30

Research Institute of Tropical Medicine (RITM)

Question 31

➢ Clinical Chemistry (for testing 10
analytes, namely glucose, creatinine,
total protein, albumin, blood urea
nitrogen, uric acid, cholesterol, sodium,
potassium, and chloride)

Answer 31

Lung Center of the Philippines (LCP)

Question 32

➢ Drugs of abuse (methamphetamine and
cannabinoids)

Answer 32

East Avenue Medical Center (EAMC)

Question 33

Infectious immunology
hepatitis B surface
antigen (HBsAg),
Human
Immunodeficiency
Virus (HIV), Hepatitis
C virus (HCV)

Answer 33

San Lazaro Hospital STD-AIDS Cooperative Center Laboratory
(SACCL)