Lesson 8 - Motor development

Question 1

What are the gross motor skills as age develops?

Answer 1

1-3 months - Stepping reflex, lift head, sit w support
2-4 - lifts head and uses arms for support
5-8 months - sits w support
5-10 - stands w support and pulls self to stand
5-11 crawl
10-14 stands alone, walks alone
13-18 - walks backwards and sideways ,runs, climbs, walks up stairs
18-30 months - runs easily, jumps, skips, rides and steers tricycle, walks on tiptoes

Question 2

What are the fine motor skills as age develops?

Answer 2

1-3 - Grasps object if placed in hands. sucks, control of eye movements, smile
2-4 months - grasps cube when placed near hand
5-8 months - reaches for and grasps object, using one hand
5-10 - points at object of interest, grasps with thumb and finger (pincer grip)
5-11 - grasps spoon, learns to direct food to mouth
10-14 - puts objects in containers, builds block towers, produces first meaningful word
18-30 picks up small objects, vocabulary and articulation increases rapidly

Question 3

How is early motor movement impaired?

Answer 3

by poor muscle strength and by under developed motor coordination

Question 4

When does locomotion begin to emerge?

Answer 4

By the mid-point of the first year of life

Question 5

Changes in motor development has consequences for what?

Answer 5

major consequences for cognition

• notable w crawling

Acquiring the ability to move unaided brings improvements in memory

Question 6

What is the mean age of motor development/ age at which babies begin to crawl at?

Answer 6

• : 9.13 months and 9.14 months
• crawling - the ability to traverse at least one metre using arms and/or knees

Question 7

What is evidence of flexible memory?

Answer 7

If children can remember the action in a novel context and therefore produce the action with a different toy

Question 8

What target action can crawling and non-crawling children remember?

Answer 8

The demonstration shown to them
but only crawling children can retrieve the memory in a new context
the difference between crawlers and non crawlers has to be bc of the onset of crawling gives memory greater flexibility

Question 9

What does the onset of crawling give?

Answer 9

Babies have greater memory flexibility
due to being able to crawl
crawling brings new experiences since ur being in different and changing contexts which will affect cognition

Question 10

What age do babies start crawling?

Answer 10

Around 8 months is common, but varies from 5 months to 11 months

infants judgement about the world doesnt always generalise from one movement type to another

Question 11

What is locomotion in infancy?

Answer 11

The ability to move from one place to another

Question 12

What does going from crawling to walking require?

Answer 12

The change requires muscle development, different patterns of limb coordination, and balance control

Question 13

Walking leads to an increase in what?

Answer 13

Falls
32 falls per hour vs 17 falls when crawling
297 metres/hour vs 100m/ hour crawling

Question 13

Crawlers are better judgers at what?

Answer 13

Steepness of slopes, or the depth of a drop

Question 14

Compared to crawling, walking ..?

Answer 14

Covers more space quickly
Gives access to more distant objects
Allows different interactions with others
Affords better visual input
skilled walking takes months to develop tho
WALKERS ALSO SPEND MORE TIME MOVING AROUND THAN CRAWLERS 33% VS 20%

Question 15

What is cognition?

Answer 15

How we form, use and act upon internal thoughts and stress
In infants we understand the context of their mental representations of the world not just what they can see

Question 16

What is perception?

Answer 16

How we see, hear or directly experience the world

Question 17

What are mental representations?

Answer 17

Cognition + Perception
Cognition / Perception

Question 18

What is object permanence?

Answer 18

The ability to understand that even if an object can no longer be seen, it still continues to exist
Piaget’s view of development was founded on the idea that children ARENT born with knowledge of the world, instead gradually constructing knowledge and the ability to internally represent the world around them

Question 19

What is Piaget’s view of development?

Answer 19

observed that prior to 9 months, infants made no response to an object after it was hidden

That was true even for desirable objects that children were motivated to find

They were said to lack the understanding that non-visible objects continue to exist

• By around 9 months, infants are able to search for objects that they are out of view
• This suggests they can act on the basis of thought, rather than just perception
• However, their performance is still remarkably not adult like

Question 20

What is the A-not-B task?

Answer 20

Infants at around 9 months persist in reaching to the old location, even though they have seen where the object is

The object is hidden while they are watching it - theres no deception

By around 12 months, infants reach correctly to the new location

Question 21

Violation of expectation tasks?

Answer 21

Children are shown an event repeatedly until they habituate
They are then shown one of 2 variations of the same event
if they look at one event for longer, suggests theyre surprised by it
meaning it has violated their expectation

Question 22

Studying object permanence using the violation of expectancy paradigm leads to some surprising findings

Answer 22

6-8 months looked longer at the impossible event than the possible event (shows object permanence bc they know the block continues to exist even when out of sight)
W 4 month olds infants seemed to understadn that a hidden object continues to exist

Question 23

Some discrepant findings
findings that contradict each other

Answer 23

• Some studies are different as they choose to study children’s looking patterns, while others study children’s actions
• Children seem to show object permanence when measured by their looking but not when measured by their actions
• It appears that children have knowledge of the world from early in infancy but that they only become gradually able to act on that knowledge
• Cognitive development in the first year of life involves building links between their knowledge and their actions

Question 24

How can infants demonstrate understanding of number?

Answer 24

Precise understanding of v small numbers and approximate understanding of large numbers

Question 25

What did the violation of expectancy task find in 4 - 5 month olds?

Answer 25

They looked longer at the impossible event as their expectation appears to be sensitive to number

Question 26

What is the Approximate Number System?

Answer 26

A primitive mental system of non-verbal representation of number

Allows broad comparisons of quantity

Does not allow for the representation of specific numbers, only of ratio quantities