Lesson 3 - Vygotsky

Question 1

Who was Vygotsky influenced by?

Answer 1

Karl Marx- no clear separation between social and individual development. Vygotsky made sociocultural view

Question 2

What did both Piaget and Vygotsky agree on?

Answer 2

That children are active learners and believe their interaction w the world is important for their development

Question 3

What are the key assumptions of Vygotsky’s theory?

Answer 3

Importance of socioculture - Vygotsky thought that how we think is a function of the social and cultural world we grow up in.
Instruction is at the heart of learning - cog development occurs where a childs problem solving is guided by an adult
Inner speech - plays a crucial role in promoting cognitive development

Question 4

Both Vygotsky and Piaget think children construct their understanding of the world through experience. What does this make them?

Answer 4

Constructivists

Question 5

What is socioculture?

Answer 5

The child’s social world and the culture they grow up in

Culture - customs, beliefs, habits

Question 6

Vygotskys theory of cognitive development

Answer 6

Social interactions + language + cultural context

Question 7

What does socioculture impact developmental wise?

Answer 7

Play Problem solving Language

Question 8

Vygotsky thought that children’s behaviour is?

Answer 8

3. Controlled by adults instructions
4. Private speech said out loud (self-speech)
5. Internalised monologues (ie inner speech) at around 7 years

Question 9

How does language transition?

Answer 9

From a tool for communication to a tool for thought
Self speech for Vygotsky is essential for development of children

Question 10

When will children engage in self speech?

Answer 10

When a task is challenging
Children who use self speech during a challenging task is more attentive and perform better on cognitive tasks than quiet children

Children prevented from using inner speech perform more poorly on planning task than children who were able to use inner speech

Question 11

What is Vygotsky’s concept of The Zone of Proximal Development?

Answer 11

Things you can do with help - Vygotsky thought this would help children develop skills or abilities
Its where children learn best

SO its the ^ in development that a child can reach thru assistance by a more competent person compared to development without this help

Question 12

What is Scaffolding?

Answer 12

How adults (teacher, peer, parent) can provide scaffold to learning for children
(Jerome Bruner)
Scaffolding is adjusted to help child become more capable

Question 13

What are the different examples of Scaffolding?

Answer 13

Modelling an action
suggesting a strategy to solve a problem
restructuring the problem into parts that are more manageable to the child

Question 14

What are the 5 important aspects of Scaffolding? (RRDMD)

Answer 14

1. Recruitment - engage childs interest
2. Reduction of degrees of freedom - Reduce the number of acts needed to arrive at a solution
3. Direction maintenance - highlight important features of the problem
4. Making critical features - highlight important features of the problem
5. Demonstrate the model/solution/parts of the task to stimulate the child to imitate this

Question 15

Comparison of child’s development w parents who use scaffolding than parents who dont provide scaffolding?

Answer 15

Children generate more private speech and are therefore more successful than children with a less supportive environment

Question 16

Why does collaborative learning help>

Answer 16

Motivation is enhanced when working w someone
Child has to explain their ideas, persuade and resolve conflicts
Increases self-speech
BUT
Peers need to be competent and modify their behaviour for any less skilled peers or else you may as well just be working by yourself

Question 17

What is an attribution error?

Answer 17

Attributing something to yourself
thinking you made the decision when it was someone else eg adult that told you

but this leads to greater learning
but this is how group learning can be linked to poor memory

Question 18

What do motor skills allow?

Answer 18

New view of the world
Altered perception
New opportunities to explore
New ways to interact and communicate

Question 19

What were the differences that Super observed from the Kokwet infants in Kenya compared to Western infants?

Answer 19

They sat and walked a month earlier than Western infants
Slower at rolling over and crawling than Western infants

Question 19

What did Gottlieb find from Beng infants?

Answer 19

sat up earlier than Western infants
Learned to walk later than Western infants

Question 19

What are infant motor milestones predominantly based on?

Answer 19

WEIRD
(White, Educated, Industrialised, Rich, and Democratic) data and scales developed with white Western infants

Question 20

What are conclusions from cross-cultural motor research?

Answer 20

Beliefs about development and the opportunities for infants to engage in certain motor behaviours varies across cultures
Motor milestones are not universal bc cultures vary in their norms and environments

Question 21

Children who waited for the second marshmallow had a range of outcomes in adulthood such as?

Answer 21

Academic and cognitive outcomes years later

Question 22

How do socioeconomic factors affect risk taking?

Answer 22

Children w lower socioeconomic status may take more risks as there is less certainty
People w less money and resources may lead to people to go for short term over long term rewards

Question 22

More recent research on the marshmallow task has said WHAT?

Answer 22

both socioeconomic status and culture might play an important role in how well children delay gratification

Question 22

What were Cameroonian children taught to control by their parents?

Answer 22

Their needs and negative emotions early on

compared to german children who then displayed more negative emotions in the marshmallow tasks

SO parenting practices may help children to develop self control