Lesson 8 Flashcards
Industrialisation Outside Europe
What factors contributed to industrialization in the USA during the 19th century?
Population growth, increasing income, abundance of resources, higher wages, and political and religious liberties, along with investments in transportation networks like railways and canals.
When did the USA surpass agriculture in terms of labor and income?
By 1880, the non-agricultural labor force exceeded those in agriculture, and by 1890, the USA became the most industrialized nation.
How did Japan’s isolation period (Tokugawa period) affect its development before industrialization?
Despite isolation, it saw the development of urban centers, luxury handicrafts, regional markets, primary education, and a good road network that prepared it for later industrialization.
What event forced Japan to open up to international trade in the mid-19th century?
In 1853-1854, a US military ship entered Edo (Tokyo) and forced Japan to open trade relations under threat of bombing the city, leading to unequal treaties with foreign powers.
What were the key reforms introduced during Japan’s Meiji Restoration (1868)?
The government reformed administration, armed forces, taxation, education, company law, and infrastructure, while modernizing the banking system and adopting the gold standard.
How did Japan stimulate industrialization during the Meiji era?
By creating infrastructure, establishing production plants, and implementing import substitution policies with tariff barriers to protect domestic industries.
What role did the zaibatsu play in Japan’s industrialization?
The government-sold industrial plants formed the nucleus of large private industrial groups known as the zaibatsu, which played a major role in Japan’s economic development.
How did the opium trade affect China’s balance of trade with Britain?
The British replaced costly silver payments with opium, leading to widespread addiction, a negative balance of trade for China, and increased corruption and administrative disorder.
What were the consequences of the Opium Wars for China?
They ceded Hong Kong to Britain, opened new ports, imposed a 5% tariff on imports, and granted favorable treatment to other Western nations, revealing the weakness of the Qing dynasty.
What movement followed China’s political and economic struggles in the late 19th and early 20th centuries?
The Boxer Rebellion (1900-1901), followed by the 1912 Republican Revolution led by Sun Yat-Sen, which aimed to overthrow traditional society and modernize China.
