Lesson 7 Flashcards
An Unstoppable Process
What was the role of English craftsmen in spreading industrialization?
After 1824, they could legally expatriate, and from 1825, they could produce machinery abroad under license. By 1843, restrictions on labor movement were removed, aiding the spread of industrialization across Europe.
Which regions were the first to adopt English technologies during the Industrial Revolution?
Regions like Belgium, Alsace, Rhineland, Northern France, Switzerland, Saxony, Bohemia, and Lombardy were the first to adopt English technologies due to their involvement in mercantile exchange and their manufacturing traditions.
What does Sidney Pollard’s model suggest about the spread of industrialization?
His model suggests that industrialization spread regionally rather than nationally, with development driven by homogeneous areas in terms of resources and human capital, not necessarily within the same country.
What does the Gerschenkron model state about the advantages of backwardness?
The model argues that backwardness brings advantages, allowing countries to imitate winning technologies without going through slow research and development processes, leading to faster industrial development.
What were universal banks, and what role did they play in industrialization on the European continent?
They were joint-stock companies offering both commercial and investment banking services, supporting fast-paced industrial growth by providing a range of financial services, though they were highly exposed to liquidity risks.
How did the state contribute to industrialization in the 19th century?
It played a decisive role by implementing protectionist policies, managing infrastructure, providing subsidies, and using fiscal tools and state contracts to promote industrialization, especially in countries with high production costs and relative backwardness.
What challenges did Egypt face in its industrialization efforts under Muhammad Ali?
Despite reforms like the nationalization of agricultural land, irrigation improvements, and the start of a public textile industry, it faced challenges such as lack of energy sources, a trained labor force, and technical skills, preventing its economy from matching Western industrialization.
What were the factors that helped Belgium industrialize early?
It’s early industrialization was due to its institutions, proximity to Britain, industrial traditions in cotton and linen, natural resources (mining), and strong state intervention in transportation networks like railways and canals.
How did Germany achieve industrial supremacy by 1870?
It’s industrial supremacy was built on producing capital goods, coal, iron, steel, chemicals, and electricity, along with rapid urbanization, large firms, and protectionist policies that allowed high domestic prices and competitive exports.
