Lesson 8

Question 1

division of large social groups into smaller groups based on categories determined by economics.

Answer 1

Social Stratification

Question 2

Sociologists relate social stratification to

Answer 2

Social standing

Question 3

refers to the process by which individuals are cut off from full involvement in the wider circles of society.

Answer 3

Social exclusion

Question 4

two primary systems of stratification namely :

Answer 4

-Closed system
- open system

Question 5

impose rigid boundaries between social groups and limit interactions among members who belong to different social groups or occupy different levels in the social hierarchy.
– typically based on ascribed status or some trait from birth.

Answer 5

Closed syatems

Question 6

is based on achievement, allowing more flexibility in social roles, increased social mobility, and better interaction among social groups and classes.

Answer 6

Open systems

Question 7

are closed stratification systems because people are unable to change their social standing.

Answer 7

Caste systems

Question 8

a system of racial segregation which lasted until 1994.

Answer 8

apartheid

Question 9

based on the ownership of resources and the individual’s occupation or profession.

Answer 9

Class system

Question 10

The openness in class systems results in the prevalence of:

Answer 10

-Exagamous marriage
- endogamous marriages

Question 11

marriages between people who come from different social classes.

Answer 11

Exogamous Marriage

Question 12

these unions are not imposed and are entered into freely by the individuals.

Answer 12

endogamous marriages

Question 13

determined by personal effort and merit.

Answer 13

Meritocracy

Question 14

Info

Answer 14

Society, in general, still remains strongly influenced by other factors such as inheritance and the pressure to conform.

Question 15

three different theoretical perspectives, namely:

Answer 15

functionalism
conflict theory

symbolic interactionism.

Question 16

examines how the different aspects of society contribute to ensuring its stability and continued function.

Answer 16

Functionalism

Question 17

each part or aspect of society serves an important purpose. They also believe that social stratification is based on the intrinsic value of social activities or roles.

Answer 17

Functionalist/ functionalism

Question 18

introduced by Kingsley Davis and Wilbert Moore in 1945, proposed that a social role that has a greater functional purpose will result in greater reward, and that stratification represents the inherently unequal value of different types of work.*

Answer 18

Davis-Moore hypothesis,

Question 19

sees social stratification as being defined by the lack of opportunities for the less-privileged sectors of society.

Answer 19

Melvin Tumin

Question 20

considers society as benefitting only a small segment.
Conflict theorists believe that stratification perpetuates
inequality, and they draw many of their ideas from the works of
Karl Marx.

Answer 20

Conflict Theory

Question 21

He(karl marx) considered society as being divided between two groups:

Answer 21

-bourgeoisie
-proletariat

Question 22

the capitalists who own the factors of production such as resources, land, and businesses

Answer 22

-bourgeoisie

Question 23

are the workers that provide the manual labor needed to produce goods. *

Answer 23

proletariat

Question 24

-examines stratification from a microlevel perspective and attempts to explain how people’s social standing affects their everyday interactions.
- often leads people to interact with others within their own social class - people who have the same background, interests, and way of life.
-Social stratification, therefore, is a system that groups people together.*

Answer 24

Symbolic interactionism

Question 25

refers to buying certain products to make a social statement about status.

Answer 25

The theory of conspicuous consumption

Question 26

ability of individuals or groups to change their positions within a social stratification system.

Answer 26

Social Mobility

Question 27

Info

Answer 27

A major factor that influences mobility is economic status, particularly the accumulation of wealth.

Question 28

refers to an upward movement in social class.

Answer 28

Upward mobility

Question 29

refers to the lowering of an individual's social class. Info -This may be brought about by economic setbacks, unemployment, illness, and dropping out of school.

Answer 29

Downward mobility

Question 30

-focuses on the experience of people who belong to the same generation. -considers the changes in a person's social standing throughout his or her lifetime.

Answer 30

Intragenerational mobility

Question 31

refers to the changes in social standing experienced by individuals belonging to different generations.

Answer 31

Intergenerational mobility

Question 32

is when large-scale changes in society can result in the improvement or decline of the conditions and status of a large group of people.

Answer 32

Structural mobility

Question 33

important concepts in understanding social inequality.

Answer 33

Social class and stratification

Question 34

Karl Marx considered as an essential characteristic based on the economic structure of society.

Answer 34

Class

Question 35

Max Weber defined stratification through the concept of (blank) defined as esteem or "social honor" given to certain individuals or groups. He focused on the concept of "market position,

Answer 35

Status

Question 36

refers to the ability of individuals or groups to engage in economic activities. Their success in economic transactions is determined by personal power, knowledge, skills, and the scarcity of resources.

Answer 36

Market position

Question 37

class is influenced by cultural factors such as lifestyle and consumption patterns.

Answer 37

Warner, Meeker, and Eels

Question 38

concept of class is evident in many industrialized societies, which are generally divided into:

Answer 38

Upper class Middle class Lower/ working class Underclass

Question 39

composed of the rich, well-born, powerful, or a combination of these.

Answer 39

Upper class

Question 40

most contested of the three categories-refers to a group of people who fall socioeconomically between the lower and upper classes.

Answer 40

Middle class

Question 41

refers to those employed in low-paying wage jobs with very little economic security. They are also sometimes called blue-collar workers.

Answer 41

Lower/working class

Question 42

refer to the segment of society that is not only affected by poverty but is also subject to social exclusion.

Answer 42

Underclass

Question 43

are also important factors that define social inequality.

Answer 43

Income, affluence, and poverty

Question 44

Poverty is defined according to two types:

Answer 44

Absolute poverty Subjective poverty Relative poverty

Question 45

refers to the lack of basic resources like food, clean water, safe housing, and access to health care needed to maintain a quality lifestyle.

Answer 45

Absolute poverty

Question 46

applies to those who may be able to obtain basic necessities but are still unable to maintain an average standard of living compared to the rest of society.

Answer 46

Relative poverty

Question 47

type of poverty that is defined by how an individual evaluates his or her actual income against his or her expectations and perceptions.

Answer 47

Subjective poverty

Question 48

refers to biological and anatomical differences that distinguish males from females.

Answer 48

Sex

Question 49

refers to the culturally-imposed characteristics that define masculinity and femininity.

Answer 49

Gender

Question 50

Info

Answer 50

Sex is an unchanging aspect of a person’s identity while gender, being a social construct, is a fluid concept that changes depending on the mores, norms, and values espoused by a particular society. -Gender inequality is another important aspect of social inequality. 

Question 51

refers to how a person identifies himself or herself as belonging to a particular gender.

Answer 51

Gender identity

Question 52

refers to specific tasks and behaviors expected of a person by virtue of his or her sex.

Answer 52

gender role

Question 53

refers to the socially sanctioned and systematic domination of males over females, and this is expressed in various aspects of society.

Answer 53

Patriarchy

Question 54

called attention to the prevalence of sexual harassment and abuse in other industries such as fashion, media, sports, education, the military, and government. The movement also highlighted the continual inequality in many industries which bred an atmosphere conducive to harassment and abuse directed primarily against women.

Answer 54

Me Too Movement

Question 55

defined discrimination directed against women and called for action to end such discrimination. -This document eventually became known as the International Bill of Rights for Women.

Answer 55

Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW)

Question 56

gender inequality in terms of social and cultural attitudes. They believe that sexism and discrimination can be countered by political, social, and economic reforms like giving equal access to both men and women.

Answer 56

Liberal feminists

Question 57

argue that men are responsible for the exploitation of women through patriarchy. From this perspective, nothing short of a "sexual revolution” could transform society and end gender inequality.

Answer 57

Radical Feminist

Question 58

identifies factors such as class and ethnicity, in addition to gender, as essential for understanding the oppression experienced by non-white women.

Answer 58

Black feminism

Question 59

is the feeling of affinity or loyalty towards a particular population, cultural group, or territorial area.

Answer 59

Ethnicity

Question 60

refers to a group of people who share a common ancestry. It refers to physical or genetic differences among humankind that distinguish one group of people from another such as skin and hair color, physique, and facial features. *

Answer 60

Race

Question 61

refers to a set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices used to justify the superior treatment of one racial or ethnic group and the inferior treatment of another racial or ethnic group.

Answer 61

Racism

Question 62

psychological mechanisms associated with prejudice and discrimination.

Answer 62

Displacement and scapegoating

Question 63

involves holding "stereotypes” or preconceived views that are often based on faulty generalizations about members of a race or particular ethnic or other groups.

Answer 63

Prejudice

Question 64

refers to actions or behavior of members of a dominant social group that negatively impacts other members of society that do not belong to the dominant group.

Answer 64

Discrimination

Question 65

Info

Answer 65

-Racial inequality and discrimination are most prevalent in modern multicultural societies. -Gender and class also influence racial inequality.

Question 66

refers to the unequal distribution of wealth, power, and prestige on a global basis,

Answer 66

Global stratification

Question 67

Info

Answer 67

Countries can be classified and differentiated according to their per-person gross national product (GNP) or the per capita gross domestic product (GDP), which is a country's average national wealth per person.* *QATAR HIGHEST

Question 68

claim that global poverty is the result of exploitation of poor countries by wealthy ones, thereby creating a cycle of dependence.

Answer 68

Dependency Theory

Question 69

Important

Answer 69

Market-oriented theories such as modernization theory claim that cultural and institutional barriers to development explain poverty in low-income countries. This theory believes that poverty can be eliminated by overcoming or adjusting cultural values like negative attitudes regarding work, limiting government intervention in economic affairs, and encouraging high rates of savings and investment.

Question 70

focuses on the relationship among the "core," "peripheral," and "semiperipheral” countries in the global economy.

Answer 70

world-systems theory

Question 71

emphasize the role of governments in fostering economic development.

Answer 71

state-centered theories

Question 72

Oxfam expressed concerns that if left unchecked, this wealth concentration will lead to(blank) means that the lowest tax rates, the best education the best health care, and political representation are claimed by the children of the rich.

Answer 72

Opportunity Capture