Lesson 7

Question 1

What is a hazard?

Answer 1

A perceived natural event that has the potential to threaten both life and property

Question 2

When does a hazard become a disaster?

Answer 2

10 or more people killed and/or 100 people effected

Question 3

What is the UN’s definition of a disaster?

Answer 3

500 deaths

Question 4

What is a mega disaster according to the UN?

Answer 4

2000 deaths or 200000 made homeless

Question 5

When does a hazard turn into a disaster?

Answer 5

When it meets a vulnerable population

Question 6

What is the risk equation?

Answer 6

Frequency or magnitude of a hazard (H) X level of vulnerability (V) / Capacity of population to cope (C)

Question 7

What does the PAR model show?

Answer 7

Progression of vulnerability

Question 8

What does the PAR model include?

Answer 8

Root causes, dynamic pressures, unsafe conditions and hazards.

Question 9

What does the PAR model factors contribute to?

Answer 9

Showing the risk of a country by showing what areas need improved to reduce risk

Question 10

What does Degg’s Model show

Answer 10

A disaster only occurs if a vulnerable population is exposed to a hazard.

Question 11

What factors contribute towards the disaster vulnerability? (2)

Answer 11

Physical environment

Location scale

Question 12

What makes a physical environment vulnerable? (5)

Answer 12

Dangerous location - plate boundary
Unprotected buildings 
weak economy (poverty)
Lack of preparedness
Spread of disease

Question 13

What makes a local scale vulnerable? (6)

Answer 13

Lack of training (education)
Rapid population change
Rapid urbanisation
Debt repayment issues
Exploitation of resources
Corrupt government

Question 14

What makes a hazard event? (6)

Answer 14

High winds
Floods 
Drought 
Landslides 
Tectonic activity
bio hazards

Question 15

Why do people remain exposed to hazards? (5)

Answer 15

Unpredictability
Lack of alternatives
Changing levels of risk
Russian Roulette
Cost vs benefit

Question 16

How is unpredictability making people exposed to hazards?

Answer 16

Not predictable when hazard may strike or when
Difficult to know magnitude
Human activities and physical changes

Question 17

How is a lack of alternatives making people exposed to hazards?

Answer 17

Difficult to move - homes, land & employment

most vulnerable = poor - living unsafe

Question 18

How is changing levels of risk making people exposed to hazards?

Answer 18

deforestation can make an area once safe from flooding more susceptible as well as global warming eg sea level rising

Question 19

How is Russian roulette making people exposed to hazards?

Answer 19

optimism “turning a blind eye” or “acts of god”

Question 20

How is cost vs benefit making people exposed to hazards?

Answer 20

hazardous areas offer advantages which out weigh risks such as flood plains have very fertile soils.

Question 21

What are root causes of the PAR model?

Answer 21

Limited access to power, structure and resources.

Ideologies: political and economic systems

Question 22

What are the dynamic pressures of the PAR model? (2)

Answer 22

Lack of training/skills in local industry.

Investment in local markets

Question 23

What are the uncontrollable factors of dynamic pressures? (3)

Answer 23

Rapid population change/urbanisation
Debt repayment
Deforestation

Question 24

What are the physical unsafe conditions of the PAR model? (2)

Answer 24

Dangerous location

Unprotected buildings

Question 25

What factors increase vulnerability? (5)

Answer 25

``` Population growth ageing population/infrastructure Environmental degradation Over reliance power/communication systems ```

Question 26

What factors decrease vulnerability? (6)

Answer 26

``` Warning/response systems Insurance Government disaster programs Economic wealth Hard engineering Scientific understanding ```

Question 27

What factors are increasing resilience? (6)

Answer 27

``` Low doctor patient ratio positive attitude wealth of nation good communications medical services/supplies Good infrastructure ```

Question 28

What factors decrease resilience? (5)

Answer 28

``` Lack of revenue Lack of skills Unequal trade arrangements Environmental degradation Unrealistic perception of disaster ```

Question 29

What where the root causes of the Haiti earthquake? (6)

Answer 29

``` Little/poor services slums average income per person LIC - 1 of worlds most poor heavily resilient on remittance high population lack of resources ```

Question 30

What where the dynamic pressures of Haiti earthquake? (5)

Answer 30

``` Lack of skills - main industry textiles Reliant on remittance Public services provided by NGOs high debt repayment huge rural urban migration ```

Question 31

What were the unsafe conditions of Haiti earthquake? (5)

Answer 31

``` Poor buildings - not earthquake resistant Seismic area Hurricane belt 33% access to clean water No sewage systems ```

Question 32

What are the local unsafe conditions of the PAR model? (1)

Answer 32

Low income levels

Question 33

What are the social unsafe conditions of the PAR model? (1)

Answer 33

Lack of preparedness

Question 34

What are the public actions of the unsafe conditions of the PAR model? (2)

Answer 34

People at risk | Outbreak of disease