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EQ2 Tectonics AS Geography > Lesson 7 > Flashcards

Lesson 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a hazard?

A

A perceived natural event that has the potential to threaten both life and property

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2
Q

When does a hazard become a disaster?

A

10 or more people killed and/or 100 people effected

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3
Q

What is the UN’s definition of a disaster?

A

500 deaths

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4
Q

What is a mega disaster according to the UN?

A

2000 deaths or 200000 made homeless

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5
Q

When does a hazard turn into a disaster?

A

When it meets a vulnerable population

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6
Q

What is the risk equation?

A

Frequency or magnitude of a hazard (H) X level of vulnerability (V) / Capacity of population to cope (C)

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7
Q

What does the PAR model show?

A

Progression of vulnerability

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8
Q

What does the PAR model include?

A

Root causes, dynamic pressures, unsafe conditions and hazards.

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9
Q

What does the PAR model factors contribute to?

A

Showing the risk of a country by showing what areas need improved to reduce risk

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10
Q

What does Degg’s Model show

A

A disaster only occurs if a vulnerable population is exposed to a hazard.

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11
Q

What factors contribute towards the disaster vulnerability? (2)

A

Physical environment

Location scale

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12
Q

What makes a physical environment vulnerable? (5)

A 
Dangerous location - plate boundary
Unprotected buildings 
weak economy (poverty)
Lack of preparedness
Spread of disease
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13
Q

What makes a local scale vulnerable? (6)

A 
Lack of training (education)
Rapid population change
Rapid urbanisation
Debt repayment issues
Exploitation of resources
Corrupt government
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14
Q

What makes a hazard event? (6)

A 
High winds
Floods 
Drought 
Landslides 
Tectonic activity
bio hazards
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15
Q

Why do people remain exposed to hazards? (5)

A 
Unpredictability
Lack of alternatives
Changing levels of risk
Russian Roulette
Cost vs benefit
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16
Q

How is unpredictability making people exposed to hazards?

A

Not predictable when hazard may strike or when
Difficult to know magnitude
Human activities and physical changes

17
Q

How is a lack of alternatives making people exposed to hazards?

A

Difficult to move - homes, land & employment

most vulnerable = poor - living unsafe

18
Q

How is changing levels of risk making people exposed to hazards?

A

deforestation can make an area once safe from flooding more susceptible as well as global warming eg sea level rising

19
Q

How is Russian roulette making people exposed to hazards?

A

optimism “turning a blind eye” or “acts of god”

20
Q

How is cost vs benefit making people exposed to hazards?

A

hazardous areas offer advantages which out weigh risks such as flood plains have very fertile soils.

21
Q

What are root causes of the PAR model?

A

Limited access to power, structure and resources.

Ideologies: political and economic systems

22
Q

What are the dynamic pressures of the PAR model? (2)

A

Lack of training/skills in local industry.

Investment in local markets

23
Q

What are the uncontrollable factors of dynamic pressures? (3)

A

Rapid population change/urbanisation
Debt repayment
Deforestation

24
Q

What are the physical unsafe conditions of the PAR model? (2)

A

Dangerous location

Unprotected buildings

25
Q

What factors increase vulnerability? (5)

A 
Population growth
ageing population/infrastructure
Environmental degradation
Over reliance
power/communication systems
26
Q

What factors decrease vulnerability? (6)

A 
Warning/response systems
Insurance
Government disaster programs
Economic wealth
Hard engineering
Scientific understanding
27
Q

What factors are increasing resilience? (6)

A 
Low doctor patient ratio
positive attitude
wealth of nation
good communications
medical services/supplies
Good infrastructure
28
Q

What factors decrease resilience? (5)

A 
Lack of revenue
Lack of skills
Unequal trade arrangements
Environmental degradation
Unrealistic perception of disaster
29
Q

What where the root causes of the Haiti earthquake? (6)

A 
Little/poor services
slums
average income per person LIC - 1 of worlds most poor
heavily resilient on remittance
high population
lack of resources
30
Q

What where the dynamic pressures of Haiti earthquake? (5)

A 
Lack of skills - main industry textiles
Reliant on remittance
Public services provided by NGOs
high debt repayment
huge rural urban migration
31
Q

What were the unsafe conditions of Haiti earthquake? (5)

A 
Poor buildings - not earthquake resistant
Seismic area
Hurricane belt
33% access to clean water
No sewage systems
32
Q

What are the local unsafe conditions of the PAR model? (1)

A

Low income levels

33
Q

What are the social unsafe conditions of the PAR model? (1)

A

Lack of preparedness

34
Q

What are the public actions of the unsafe conditions of the PAR model? (2)

A

People at risk

Outbreak of disease

EQ2 Tectonics AS Geography (5 decks)

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