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CCMA Med Term Foundations > Lesson 6 - The Organization of the Human Body > Flashcards

Lesson 6 - The Organization of the Human Body Flashcards

Quiz 2 Objective: describe the structure of the human body in terms of six levels of organization and list the eleven organ systems of the human body and identify the organs and major functions of each

1
Q

Fill in

Higher levels of organization are built from

A

lower levels

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2
Q

what is the order of the fundamental levels of organization?

It is convenient to consider the structures of the body in terms of fundamental levels of organization that increase in complexity:

Hint: 10 levels

A

subatomic particles, atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms and biosphere.

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3
Q

What are the human body’s six distinct levels of structure?

A
  1. chemical
  2. cellular
  3. tissue
  4. organ
  5. organ system
  6. organism
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4
Q

Give at least five elements of the body

A

Hydrogen, Oxygen, Carbon, Nitrogen, Calcium, Iron

Elements = pure substances

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5
Q

What is the smallest unit of the elements and what are they made up from?

A

atom

Made up from subatomic particles (including proton, electrons and neutro

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6
Q

Give the meaning of the following:

Molecules

A
  • two or more atoms combined
  • are the chemical buildup of all body structures

ex. water molecules, proteins, and sugars

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7
Q

Give the meaning of the following:

Cytoplasm

A

a water-based cellular fluid together with a variety of tiny functioning units called organelles

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8
Q

Give the meaning of the following:

Tissue

A

a group of many similar cells (/related types) that work together to perform a specific function

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9
Q

Give the meaning of the following:

Cells

A
  • the smallest independently functioning unit of a living organism
  • all living structures of human anatomy contain cells and almost all functions of the human physiology are performed or initiated by cells
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10
Q

Give the meaning of the following:

Organ

A
  • an anatomically distinct structure of the body composed of two or more tissue types
  • each organ performs one or more specific physiological functions
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11
Q

Name the organ systems

What are the different organ systems?

A
  1. Integumentary
  2. Skeletal
  3. Muscular
  4. Nervous
  5. Endocrine
  6. Cardiovascular
  7. Lymphatic
  8. Respiratory
  9. Digestive
  10. Urinary
  11. Reproductive
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12
Q

What occurs in the chemical level?

A

atoms bond to form molecules with 3-dimensional structures

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13
Q

What occurs in the cellular level?

A

a variety of molecules combine to form the fluid and organelles of a body cell

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14
Q

What occurs in the tissue level?

A

a community of similar cells form a body tissue

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15
Q

What occurs at the organ level?

A

two or more different tissues combine to form an organ

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16
Q

What occurs at the organ system level?

A

two or more organs work closely together to perform the functions of a body system

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17
Q

What occurs at the organismal level?

A

many organ systems work harmoniously together to perform the functions of an independent organism

Highest level of organization.

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18
Q

what is the smallest independent unit of a living organism?

A

cell

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19
Q

Give the meaning of the following:

Organ System

A

a group of organs that work together to perform major functions or to meet physiological needs of the body

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20
Q

T/F: Do organs “belong” to one specific body system?

A

False - they function integrally with other systems. Most organs contribute to more than one system in the body

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21
Q

What is the highest level of organization?

A

Organism

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22
Q

Define the following:

Organism

A

a living being that has a cellular structure and that can independently perform all physiologic functions necessary for life.

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23
Q

Identify the main organs and function

Integumentary System

A
  • Hair, skin, nails
  • Function: encloses internal body structures and the site of many sensory rceptors
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24
Q

Identify the main organs and function

Skeletal System

A
  • cartiladge, bones, joints
  • supports the body (structure) and enables movement (with muscular system)
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25
Q

Identify the main organs and function

Muscular System

A
  • skeletal muscles, tendons
  • enables movement (with skeletal system) and helps maintain body temperature
26
Q

Identify the main organs and function

Nervous System

A
  • brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves
  • detects and processes sensory information and activates bodily responses
27
Q

Identify the main organs and function

Endocrine system

A
  • pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal glands, testes, ovaries
  • secretes hormones and regulates bodily processes
28
Q

Identify the main organs and function

Cardiovasculae System

A
  • heart, blood vessels
  • delivers oxygen and nutrients to tissues, and equalizes temperature in the body
29
Q

Identify the main organs and function

Lymphatic system

A
  • thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, lymphatic vessels
  • returns fluid to blood and defends against pathogens
30
Q

Identify the main organs and function

Digestive System

A
  • stomach, liver, gall bladder, large and small intestine
  • processes food for use by the body and removes wastes from undigested food
31
Q

Identify the main organs and function

Respiratory system

A
  • nasal passages, trachea, lungs
  • removes carbon dioxide from the body and delivers oxygen to blood
32
Q

Identify the main organs and function

Urinary system

A
  • kidneys, urinary bladder
  • controls water balance in the body, and removes wastes from blood and excretes them
33
Q

Identify the main organs and function

Reproductive system (male + female)

A
  • Male: epididymis, testes
  • Male: produces sex hormones and gametes (sperm), and delivers gametes to female
  • Female: mammary glands, ovaries, uterus
  • Female: produces sex hormones and gametes (eggs/ova). supports embro/fetus until birth. produces milk for infant
34
Q

Define this reaction

Anabolism

A
  • the process whereby smaller, simpler molecules are combined into larger, more complex substances.
  • Your body can assemble, by utilizing energy, the complex chemicals it needs by combining small molecules derived from the foods you eat
35
Q

Define this reaction

Catabolism

A
  • the process by which larger more complex substances are broken down into smaller simpler molecules.
  • Catabolism releases energy.
  • The complex molecules found in foods are broken down so the body can use their parts to assemble the structures and substances needed for life.
36
Q

Define

Metabolism

A
  • is the sum of all anabolic and catabolic reactions that take place in the body.
  • Both anabolism and catabolism occur simultaneously and continuously to keep you alive.
37
Q

Description of metabolism process

Metabolism

order

A
  1. food is ingested
  2. catabolism - breaks materials down and releases energy
  3. anabolism - building reactions that requires energy
38
Q

Fill in

Every cell in your body makes use of a chemical compound called ________________ to store and release energy.

A

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

39
Q

Fill in - identify 1 and 2

The cell stores energy in the synthesis (1) of ATP, then moves the ATP molecules to the location where energy is needed to fuel cellular activities. Then the ATP is broken down (2) and a controlled amount of energy is released, which is used by the cell to perform a particular job.

A
  1. anabolism
  2. catabolism
40
Q

Define

Responsiveness

A

is the ability of an organism to adjust to changes in its internal and external environments.

Ex. moving toward sources of food and water and away from perceived dangers. Changes in an organism’s internal environment, such as increased body temperature, can cause the responses of sweating and the dilation of blood vessels in the skin in order to decrease body temperature

41
Q

Fill in

Human movement includes not only actions at the joints of the body, but also the motion of individual ____ and even individual _____.

A

organs
cells

As you read these words, red and white blood cells are moving throughout your body, muscle cells are contracting and relaxing to maintain your posture and to focus your vision, and glands are secreting chemicals to regulate body functions. Your body is coordinating the action of entire muscle groups to enable you to move air into and out of your lungs, to push blood throughout your body, and to propel the food you have eaten through your digestive tract. Consciously, of course, you contract your skeletal muscles to move the bones of your skeleton to get from one place to another (as the runners are doing in Figure 1.7), and to carry out all of the activities of your daily life.

42
Q

Define

Development

A

Development is all of the changes the body goes through in life.

43
Q

Fill in and explain term

Development includes the process of { ______________} , in which unspecialized cells become specialized in structure and function to perform certain tasks in the body.

A

Differentiation

unspecialized cells become specialized in structure and function to perform certain tasks in the body

44
Q

Fill in

Development also includes the processes of {} and {}, both of which involve cell differentiation.

A

growth and repair

45
Q

Define

Growth

A

Growth is the increase in body size.

Humans, like all multicellular organisms, grow by increasing the number of existing cells, increasing the amount of non-cellular material around cells (such as mineral deposits in bone), and, within very narrow limits, increasing the size of existing cells.

46
Q

Define

Reproduction

A

Reproduction is the formation of a new organism from parent organisms.

In humans, reproduction is carried out by the male and female reproductive systems. Because death will come to all complex organisms, without reproduction, the line of organisms would end.

47
Q

Select one:

Choose the correct order of the digestive system.
a. Mouth,stomach, small intestine, large intestine, esophagus
b. Mouth, esophagus,stomach, large intestine, small intestine
c. Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

A

c.
Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

48
Q

In the average person, _______ % of body weight comes from muscles.

a. 20
b. 30
c. 40
d. 50

A

c. 40

49
Q

T/F

Veins return blood to the heart, carrying carbon dioxide that was picked up from the cells

A

True

50
Q

Which organ system is composed of the trachea, larynx, pharynx, and lungs?

a. Integumentary
b. Digestive
c. Respiratory
d. Nervous

A

c. Respiratory

51
Q

Which organ system provides protection from injury and water loss, and physical defense against infection by microorganisms?

a. Integumentary
b. Digestive
c. Nervous
d. Respiratory

A

a. Integumentary

52
Q

Basic unit of life
a. Tissue
b. Cell
c. Organ
d. Organ system

A

b. Cell

53
Q

group of similar cells working together
a. Tissue
b. Cell
c. Organ
d. Organ system

A

a. tissue

54
Q

structure made of two or more tissues that work together

a. Tissue
b. Cell
c. Organ
d. Organ system

A

c. organ

55
Q

organs that work together to serve a common purpose

a. Tissue
b. Cell
c. Organ
d. Organ system

A

d. organ system

56
Q

Which of the following shows the correct level of organization in living things?
a. Tissue, cell, organ, organ system
b. Cell, organ, organ system, tissue
c. Tissue, cell, organ system, organ
d. Cell, tissue, organ, organ system

A

d. cell, tissue, organ, organ system

57
Q

Which of the following IS NOT one of the four types of tissues found in the human body?

a. Muscle
b. Connective
c. Epithelial
d. Nervous
e. Tissue

A

e. Tissue

58
Q

Which organ system collects, transfers, and processes information?
Select one:
a. Integumentary
b. Digestive
c. Nervous
d. Respiratory

A

c. Nervous

59
Q

Which of the following is NOT a type of blood vessel in the circulatory system?
Select one:
a. Artery
b. Heart
c. Vein
d. Capillaries

A

b. Heart

60
Q

Which cells produce hormones to regular blood sugar?
Select one:
a. Eosinophils
b. Pancreatic islets
c. Hemoglobin
d. Target cells

A

b. Pancreatic islets

61
Q

A deficiency of cells in the blood is defined as:
Select one:
a. Erythema
b. Phagocytosis
c. Cytopenia
d. Bacteremia

A

c. Cytopenia

CCMA Med Term Foundations (8 decks)

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