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Field Methods in Psychology Lecture > Lesson 6: The 5 Approaches of Qualitative Research > Flashcards

Lesson 6: The 5 Approaches of Qualitative Research Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 5 approaches of Qualitative Research?

A
  1. Narrative Research
  2. Phenomenology
  3. Grounded Research
  4. Ethnography
  5. Case Study
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2
Q

Among all the 5 approaches of qualitative research, what can be an area of study, itself?

A

Narrative Research

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3
Q

How does Creswell define Narrative Research?

A

Creswell focuses on the former, and defines it as a study of experiences “as expressed in lived and told stories of individuals”.

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4
Q

Where did the Narrative Research approach emerge from?

A

This approach emerged out of a literary, storytelling tradition and has been used in many social science disciplines.

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5
Q

What do narrative researchers do?

A

Narrative researchers collect stories, documents, and group conversations about the lived and told experiences of one or two individuals. They record the stories using interview, observation, documents and images and then report the experiences and chronologically order the meaning of those experiences.

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6
Q

What are the primary types of narrative research?

A
  1. Biographical study
  2. Autoethnography
  3. Life history
  4. Oral history
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7
Q

What is the concept of methodology in narrative research?

A

Restorying

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8
Q

What is restorying?

A

Restorying is the process of gathering stories, analyzing them for key elements, then rewriting (restorying) to position them within a chronological sequence.

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9
Q

What does restorying describe?

A

It describes a collaboration that occurs between participants and researchers during the collection of stories in which both gain valuable life insight as a result of the process.

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10
Q

What is the process of gathering stories, analyzing them for key elements, then rewriting (restorying) to position them within a chronological sequence?

A

Restorving

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11
Q

What is the process of gathering stories, analyzing them for key elements, then rewriting (restorying) to position them within a chronological sequence?

A

Restorying

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12
Q

What does narrative research involve?

A

Collecting extensive information from participants

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13
Q

What can present as even more of a challenge for narrative research compared to collective information from participants?

A

Ethical issues surrounding the stories may present weightier difficulties, such as questions of the story’s ownership, how to handle varied impressions of its veracity, and managing conflicting information.

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14
Q

What is biographical study?

A

writing and recording the experiences of another person’s life

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15
Q

What is autoethnography?

A

the writing and recording is done by the subject of the study (e.g., in a journal).

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16
Q

What is autoethnography?

A

the writing and recording is done by the subject of the study (e.g., in a journal).

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17
Q

What is life history?

A

portrayal of one person’s entire life

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18
Q

What is oral history?

A

a reflections of events and their causes and effects

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19
Q

What primary type of narrative research involves the writing and recording of the experiences of another person’s life?

A

Biographical study

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20
Q

What primary type of narrative research involves the writing and recording done by the subject of the study (e.g., in a journal)?

A

Autoethnography

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21
Q

What primary type of narrative research involves the portrayal of one person’s entire life?

A

Life history

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22
Q

What primary type of narrative research involves the reflections of events and their causes and effects?

A

Oral history

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23
Q

What are the steps of narrative research?

A

Step 1: Determine if the research problem is best examined using a narrative approach.
Step 2: Select one or more individuals, and gather their stories through multiple types of information.
Step 3: Consider how the data collection and recording can take different shapes.
Step 4: Embed information about the context of the stories into data collection, analysis, and writing.
Step 5: Analyze the participants’ stories by using the process of restorying
Step 6: Embed a collaborative approach in the collection and telling of stories.
Step 7: Present the narrative in written form by adapting the general reporting structure as appropriate.

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24
Q

What is phenomenology?

A

Phenomenology is a way to study an idea or concept that holds a common meaning for a small group (3-15) of individuals.

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25
Q

What does the approach of phenomenology center on?

A

The approach centers around lived experiences of a particular phenomenon, such as grief, and guides researchers to distill individual experiences to an essential concept.

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26
Q

What does phenomenological research generally hone in?

A

Phenomenological research generally hones in on a single concept or idea in a narrow setting such as “professional growth” or “caring relationship.”

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27
Q

What sets phenomenology apart from the four other approaches of qualitative research?

A

In contrast to the other four approaches, phenomenology’s tradition is important for establishing themes in the data.

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28
Q

What is another key phenomenological research feature?

A

Bracketing

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29
Q

What is bracketing?

A

a process by which the researcher identifies and sets aside any personal experience with the phenomena under study

30
Q

What is a process by which the researcher identifies and sets aside any personal experience with the phenomena under study?

A

Bracketing

31
Q

What are the two main subsets of phenomenology?

A
  1. Hermeneutic

2. Transcendental

32
Q

What is Hermeneutic?

A

A researcher first follows his/her own abiding concern or interest in a phenomenon; then reflects upon the essential themes that constitute the nature of this lived experience; describes the phenomenon; crafts an interpretation and finally mediates the different resultant meanings.

33
Q

What subset of phenomenology is it when a researcher first follows his/her own abiding concern or interest in a phenomenon; then reflects upon the essential themes that constitute the nature of this lived experience; describes the phenomenon; crafts an interpretation and finally mediates the different resultant meanings?

A

Hermeneutic

34
Q

What is transcendental?

A

A subset of phenomenology that is more empirical and focused on a data analysis method.

35
Q

What subset of phenomenology is more empirical and focused on a data analysis method?

A

transcendental

36
Q

What are the two broad questions that participants are asked in transcendental subset of phenomenology?

A

1) What have you experienced in terms of the phenomenon?

2) What context of situations have typically influenced your experiences of the phenomenon?

37
Q

What do some researchers not like about phenomenology?

A

For some researchers, the author believes phenomenology may be too structured. He also mentions the additional challenge of identifying a sample of participants who share the same phenomenon experience.

38
Q

Why does Creswell favor the transcendental subset of phenomenology?

A

It is a systematic methodology.

39
Q

What are the steps in the phenomenology approach of qualitative research?

A

Step 1: Determine if the research problem is best examined by using a phenomenological approach.
Step 2: Identify a phenomenon of interest to study and describe it.
Step 3: Distinguish and specify broad philosophical assumptions of phenomenology.
Step 4: Collect data from the individuals who have experienced the phenomenon by using interviews.
Step 5: Generate themes from the analysis of significant statements.
Step 6: Develop textural and structural descriptions.
Step 7: Report the “essence” of the phenomenon by using a composite description
Step 8: Present the understanding of the essence of the experience in written form.

40
Q

What is the grounded theory research?

A

Grounded theory seeks to generate or discover a theory-a general explanation– for a social process, action or interaction shaped by the views of participants.

41
Q

What is one key factor of grounded theory?

A

One key factor in grounded theory is that it does not come “off the shelf” but is “grounded” from data collected from a large sample.

42
Q

What is a qualitative approach?

A

It is a general way of thinking about conducting qualitative research.

43
Q

What does qualitative approach describe?

A

It describes, either explicitly or implicitly, the purpose of the qualitative research, the role of the researcher(s), the stages of research, and the method of data analysis.

44
Q

What is the key information to remember about narrative research?

A

explore the life of an individual; tell stories of individual experiences

45
Q

What is the key information to remember about phenomenological research?

A

understand the essence of the experience; describe the essence of a lived phenomenon

46
Q

What is the key information to remember about grounded theory research?

A

develop a theory grounded in data from the field; ground a theory in the views of participants

47
Q

What is the key information to remember about ethnographic research?

A

describe and interpret a culture-sharing group; describe and interpret the shared patterns of culture of a group

48
Q

What is the key information to remember about case study research?

A

develop an in-depth description and analysis of a case or multiple cases; provide an in-depth understanding of a case or cases

49
Q

What challenges can be encountered in the grounded theory design or approach?

A

The researcher must set aside theoretical ideas or notions so that the analytic, substantive theory can emerge.

50
Q

What is an important thing that the researcher must do?

A

It is also important that the researcher understand that the primary outcome of this research is a “theory with specific components:

  1. a central phenomenon
  2. causal conditions
  3. strategies, conditions, and
  4. context, and consequences
51
Q

What are the steps to make grounded theory?

A

Step 1: Determine if the research problem is best examined by using a grounded theory approach.
Step 2: Focus interview questions on understanding how individuals experiences the process, and identify the steps in the process
Step 3: Theory-building emerges through the simultaneous and iterative data collection, analysis, and memoing processes.
Step 4: Structure the various analysis procedures as open, axial, and selective coding.
Step 5: Articulate a substantive-level theory to explain the process [or action] that was the focus of the study.
Step 6: Present the theory as a discussion or model.

52
Q

What is ethnographic research?

A

Ethnography is a qualitative research design in which the unit of analysis is typically greater than 20 participants and focuses on an “entire culture-sharing group.”

53
Q

What does the research describe in ethnographic research?

A

In this approach, the “research describes and interprets the shared and learned patterns of values, behaviors, beliefs, and language” of the group.

54
Q

What does ethnographic research involve?

A

The method involves extended observations through “participant observation, in which the researcher is immersed in the day-to-day lives of the people and observes and interviews the group participants.”

55
Q

What are some defining features of ethnographic research?

A

They include that:

  1. it “focuses on developing a complex, complete description of the culture of a group, a culture-sharing group;”
  2. ethnography “is not the study of a culture, but a study of the social behaviors of an identifiable group of people;”
  3. the group “has been intact and interacting for long enough to develop discernable working patterns,” and
  4. that ethnographers start with a theory drawn from “cognitive science to understand belief and ideas” or materialist theories. (Marxism, acculturation, innovation, etc.).
56
Q

What are some types of ethnographic research?

A
  1. confessional ethnography
  2. life history
  3. autoethnography
  4. feminist ethnography
  5. visual ethnography
57
Q

What are the two popular forms of ethnographic research?

A
  1. realist ethnography-used by cultural anthropologists, and

2. critical ethnography in which the author advocates for groups marginalized in society

58
Q

What is the realist ethnography-used by cultural anthropologist form?

A

It is “an objective account of a situation, typically written in the third-person point of view and reporting objectively on the information learned from participants.

59
Q

What is the critical ethnography in which the author advocates for groups marginalized in society form?

A

This type of research is typically conducted by “politically minded individuals who seek through their research, to speak out against inequality and domination”.

60
Q

What is the type of ethnography form that is “an objective account of a situation, typically written in the third-person point of view and reporting objectively on the information learned from participants?

A

realist ethnography-used by cultural anthropologists

61
Q

What is the type of ethnography form that is a type of research is typically conducted by “politically minded individuals who seek through their research, to speak out against inequality and domination”?

A

critical ethnography in which the author advocates for groups marginalized in society

62
Q

What are the procedures for conducting a qualitative research with an ethnography approach?

A
  1. One key element in these procedures is the gathering of information where the group works or lives through fieldwork.
  2. Respecting the daily lives of these individuals at the site of study. Some key challenges in this type of research are that one must have an “understanding of cultural anthropology, the meaning of a social-cultural system, and the concepts typically explored by those studying cultures.
  3. Data collection requires a lot of time on the field.
63
Q

What are the steps in making an ethnographic research?

A

Step 1: Determine if ethnography is the most appropriate design for studying the research problem.
Step 2: Identify and locate a culture-sharing group to study as well as access considerations.
Step 3: Select cultural themes, issues, or theories to study about the group.
Step 4: Determine which type of ethnography to use to study cultural concepts.
Step 5: Gather information in the context where the group works or lives through extensive fieldwork.
Step 6: Generate an overall cultural interpretation of the group from the analysis of many data sources.
Step 7: Disseminate the patterns of the culture-sharing group by using a holistic cultural portrait.
Step 8: Present the patterns of the culture-sharing group in written or performance formats.

64
Q

What is a case study research?

A

It is the “the study of a case within a real-life contemporary context or setting” or “it is a methodology: a type of design in qualitative research that may be an object of study, as well as a product of inquiry.” Further, case studies have bounded systems, are detailed and use multiple sources of information.

65
Q

What does the case study define?

A

It defines a case that can be bounded or described within certain parameters, such as a specific place and time.

66
Q

What are other components of the case study research method?

A

Other components of the research method include its intent-which may take the form of intrinsic case study or instrumental case study; its reliance on in-depth understanding; and its utilization of case descriptions, themes or specific situations. Finally, researchers typically conclude case studies with “assertions” from their learning.

67
Q

To what types can case studies be differentiated as?

A
  1. size,
  2. activity,
  3. intent,
  4. involve single or multiple cases
68
Q

What does Creswell recommend for the case study approach?

A

Creswell recommends “that investigators first consider what type of case study is most promising and useful” and advocates cases that show different perspectives on a problem, process or event.”

69
Q

What can data analysis in a case study approach be?

A

Holistic when considering the entire case or embedded when using specific aspects of the case.

70
Q

What are the challenges of case study research?

A

Some of the challenges of case study research are:

  1. determining the scope of the research,
  2. deciding on the bounded system, and
  3. determining whether to study the case itself or how the case illustrates an issue
71
Q

What are the steps in making a case study research?

A

Step 1: Determine if the research problem is best examined using a case study approach.
Step 2: Identify the intent and case (or cases) for the study as well as case sampling procedures.
Step 3: Develop procedures for conducting the extensive data collection drawing on multiple data sources.
Step 4: Specify the analysis approach for developing case description(s) based on themes and contextual information.
Step 5: Report the interpreted meaning of the case and lessons learned by using case assertions.

Field Methods in Psychology Lecture (13 decks)

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