LESSON 6: SKELETAL Flashcards
1
Q
the term “skeleton” is derived from a greek word meaning?
A
dried
2
Q
is a place where two bones come together
A
joint/articulation
3
Q
strong bands of fibrous connective tissue that attach to bones and hold them together
A
ligaments
4
Q
which marrow produces blood cells and platelets
A
red bone marrow
5
Q
kind of bone marrow which is made mostly of fat and contains stem cells that can become cartilage, fat, or bone cells
A
yellow bone marrow
6
Q
is a tough, rope-like protein
A
collagen
7
Q
are large molecules consisting of polysaccharides attached to core proteins
A
proteoglycans
8
Q
the extracellular matrix of tendons and ligaments contains large amounts of _____, making these structures very tough, like ropes or cables
A
collagen fibers
9
Q
the extracellular matrix of cartilage contains ______ and ______
A
collagen and proteoglycans
10
Q
most of the mineral in bone is in the form of calcium phosphate crystals called
A
hydroxyapatite
11
Q
Four categories of bone
A
- Long bones
- Short bones
- Flat bones
- Irregular bones
12
Q
- contains spongy bone
- ends of the long bone
A
epiphysis
13
Q
T or F: epiphyseal lines grow longer as the person gets taller
A
TRUE
14
Q
contains red marrow in juveniles and yellow marrow in adults
A
medullary cavity
15
Q
- white membrane that covers the outer surface
- dense irregular collagenous CT
A
periosteum
16
Q
covers the spongy layer that pass through the compact bone
A
endosteum
17
Q
another word for central canal
A
haversian canal
18
Q
another word for osteon
A
haversian system
19
Q
give the osteon the appearance of having tiny cracks within the lamellae
A
canaliculi
20
Q
is the formation of bone by osteoblasts
A
ossification
21
Q
what cells are found in the spongy bone
A
hematopoietic cells
22
Q
6 main joints
A
- ball and socket
- ellipsoid
- hinge
- plane
- saddle
- pivot
23
Q
allows for rotational movement in all directions
A
ball and socket joint (ex. shoulder and hip joints)
24
Q
permits movement in two planes, allowing for flexion, extension, and some side to side movement
A
ellipsoid joint (ex: wrist joint)
25
functions like a door hinge, permitting movement primarily in one plane, such as flexion and extension
hinge joint (ex: knee and elbow joints)
26
allows for sliding or gliding movements between flat surfaces
plane joint (ex: wrist and ankle joints)
27
provides movement in two planes, similar to ellipsoid joint but with more range
saddle joint (ex: thumb’s carpometacarpal joint)
28
allows rotational movements around a single axis
pivot joint (ex. skull joint)
29
another word for spongy bone
cancellous bone
30
when osteoblasts become surrounded by matrix, they are reffered to as
osteocytes
31
bone is formed in thin sheets of extracellular matrix called
lamelae
32
“white spaces”
lacunae
33
is mostly solid matrix and cells
compact bone
34
consists of a lacy network of bone with many small, marrow filled spaces
spongy bone
35
spongy bone or?
cancellous/trabecular
36
compact bone or?
cortical
37
- spongy bone consists of delicate interconnecting rods or plates of bone called
- they add strength to a bone
trabeculae
38
bone formation that occurs within the connective tissue
intramembranous ossification
39
bone formation that occurs inside cartilage is called
endochondral ossification
40
the process of ossification starts at the
ossification centers
41
during endochondral ossification, cartolage cells, called _____, increase in number, enlarge, and die
chondrocytes
42
bone eating cells
osteoclasts
43
occurs by the deposition of new bone lamellae onto existing bone or other connective tissue
bone growth
44
growth in the length of a bone which is the major source of increased height in an individual, occurs in the epiphysial plate
appositional growth
45
involves the removal of existing bone by osteoclasts and deposition of new bone by osteoblasts
bone remodeling
46
the network of fibers and islets of cartilage between the two bone fragments is called a
callus
47
calcium homeostasis is maintained by two hormones
1. parathyroid hormone (PTH)
2. calcitonin
48
secreted from the parathyroid glands when blood calciums are too kow, stimulates increased bone breakdown and kncreased blood calcium levels by indirectly stomukating osteoclast activity.
parathyroid hormone
49
PTH stimulates the kidneys to form active
Vitamin D
50
secreted from the thyroid gland when blood calcium levels are too high, decreases osteoclast activity and thus deacrease calcium levels
calcitonin
51
hole in the bone
foramen
52
if the hole is elongated into a tunnel-like passage through the bone
canal/meatus
53
deppresion in a bone
fossa
54
lump in bone
tubercle/tuberosity
55
projection from a bone
process
56
smooth rounded end of the bone where it forms a joint with another bone
condyle
57
encloses the cranial cavity
braincase
58
how many bones that protect the brain
8
59
what are bones that form the structure of the face and how many?
facial bones (14 bones)
60
is a joint uniting the bones of the skull
suture
61
3 kinds of suture in the skull
1. coronal suture (frontal & parietal)
2. squamous suture (parietal & temporal)
3. lamboid suture (parietal & occipital)
62
a canal that enables sound waves to reach the eardrum
external auditory canal
63
prominent lump just posterior to the ear
mastoid process
64
a bone that may seem like two but is actually one. it extends completely across the skull. resembles a butterfly
sphenoid bone
65
it can easily be felt also called as cheek bone
zygomatic bone
66
forms a bridge across the side of the face and provides a major attachment site for muscle moving the mandible
zygomatic arch
67
upper jaw and lower jaw
maxilla and mandible
68
central region of the sphenoid bone is modified into a structure resembling a saddle it contains the pituitary gland
sella turcics
69
is an abnormal posterior curvature of the spine, mostly in the uper thoracic region, resulting in a hunchback condition
kyphosis
70
is an abmormal anterior curvature of the spine mainly in the lumbar region, resulting in a swayback condition
Lordosis
71
an abmormal lateral curvature of the spine
scoliosis
72
- first cervical vertebra
- holds the head
atlas
73
- second cervical vertebra
- rotation occurs here
axis
74
the rotation of the axis occurs around a process called
dens
75
3 kinds of ribs
true ribs (1-7)
false ribs (8-12)
floating ribs (11-12)
76
true ribs (1-7) attach directly to the sternum by means of costal cartilages
TRUE
77
false ribs (8-12) donnot attach directly to the sternum. they attach to the sternum by a common cartilage
TRUE
78
floating ribs (11-12) do not attach at all to the sternum
TRUE
79
sternum (breast bone) is divided into 3
1. manubrium
2. the body
3. xiphoid process
80
depression located between the ends of the clavicles where they articulate
jugular notch
81
slight elevation in the sternum
sternal angle
82
is a flat triangular bone with theee large fossae where muscles extending to the arm are attached
scapula
83
is where the head of the humerus connects to the scapula
glenoid cavity
84
point of the shoulder
acromion process
85
articulates with the cscapula at the acromion process
clavicle
86
weigh bearing of each vertebra
body
87
the vertebral bodies are seperated by
intervertebral disks
88
the 5 sacral vertebrae are fused into a single bone called
sacrum
89
the spinous processes of the first 4 are merged into one this is called the
median sacral crest
90
the spinous process of the last vertebra does not form leaving a
sacral hiatus
91
the first sacral vertebra bulges to form the
sacral promontory
92
the first sacral vertebra bulges to form the
sacral promontory
93
protects the vital organs within the thorax and prevents the collapse of thorax during **respiration**
rin cage
94
place where the sternum articulates with the ends of the clavicle
jugular notch
95
where the head of the humerus connects to the scapula
glenoid activity
96
point of the shoudler
acromion process
97
clvicle and scapula articulate in the
acromion process
98
provide for the attachmend of arm and chest muscles
coracoid process
99
where the deltoid muscle attaches
deltoid tuberosity
100
on the distal end of the condyles. provide attachment sites for forearm muscles
epicondyles
101
- proximal end of ulna that attach to humerus
- forms most of the elbow
trochlea notch
102
extension of the ulna
olecranon process
103
distal to the trochlear notch helps the grip of the ulna to the end of the humerus
coronoid process
104
distal end of ulna forms a head, which articulates with the bones on the wrist
styloid process
