LESSON 6: MACROMOLECULES

Question 1

These are natural polymers.

Answer 1

Proteins

Question 2

They are very large molecules that are critical for the functions of the human body.

Answer 2

Proteins

Question 3

They are made from the linkage of monomers called amino acids. There are 20 kinds of amino acids depending on the —R group.

Answer 3

Proteins

Question 4

DIFFERENT LEVELS OF PROTEIN STRUCTURE

This refers to the linear sequence of amino acids joined by peptide bonds such as the sequence of amino acids below.

Answer 4

Primary Structure

Question 5

DIFFERENT LEVELS OF PROTEIN STRUCTURE

It indicates the shape of the protein molecule as a result of hydrogen bonding between –C=O and –NH groups (backbones of amino acids) within the chain.

Answer 5

Secondary Structure

Question 6

DIFFERENT LEVELS OF PROTEIN STRUCTURE

The interactions among the R groups cause the folding and bending of the polypeptide chain. These interactions include the hydrogen bonding between R groups, ionic bonding between positive and negative R groups, disulfide bonding between two sulfur atoms, and the hydrophobic interaction between nonpolar groups.

Answer 6

Tertiary Structure

Question 7

DIFFERENT LEVELS OF PROTEIN STRUCTURE

It is the 3-D structure of the protein. It results from the interactions among different polypeptide chains, forming either fibrous globular or conjugated proteins.

Answer 7

Quaternary Structure

Question 8

PROTEIN FUNCTIONS

These are proteins involved in defending the body against antigens. They are the molecules of the immune system.

Answer 8

Antibodies

Question 9

PROTEIN FUNCTIONS

These are responsible for body movement such as muscle contraction.

Answer 9

Contractile Proteins

Question 10

PROTEIN FUNCTIONS

These are proteins that catalyze (speed up) or facilitate biochemical reactions.

Answer 10

Enzymes

Question 11

PROTEIN FUNCTIONS

These serve as messenger proteins to help coordinate some body functions. An example is insulin (which controls blood sugar concentration).

Answer 11

Hormonal Proteins

Question 12

PROTEIN FUNCTIONS

These are fibrous and provide support. An example is collagen which provides support to connective tissues.

Answer 12

Structural proteins

Question 13

PROTEIN FUNCTIONS

These store amino acids like casein in milk.

Answer 13

Storage Proteins

Question 14

PROTEIN FUNCTIONS

These are carrier proteins which move molecules from one place to another in the body. An example is hemoglobin which transports oxygen.

Answer 14

Transport proteins

Question 15

It is a process in which a protein loses its secondary, tertiary, or quaternary structures.

Answer 15

Denaturation

Question 16

These are natural polymers with very large molar masses.

Answer 16

Nucleic Acids

Question 17

These are compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

Answer 17

Carbohydrates

Question 18

They are also known as saccharides and they function as the energy source of the body.

Answer 18

Carbohydrates

Question 19

These are a class of naturally occurring organic compounds distinguished by their solubility in an organic solvent (and not in water). They are hydrophobic, nonpolar, and made up mostly of hydrocarbon chains

Answer 19

Lipids

Question 20

They contain a glycerol and three fatty acids, each bound by an ester linkage. These compounds are the most abundant energy storage lipids in organisms. They can supply more energy than carbohydrates.

Answer 20

Triglycerides

Question 21

There are esters formed from a fatty acid and a high molecular weight alcohol.

Answer 21

Waxes

Question 22

They have a fused ring structure. Although they do not resemble the other lipids, they are grouped with them because they are also hydrophobic and insoluble in water.

Answer 22

Steroids

Question 23

This is the most common steroid and is the precursor to vitamin D, testosterone, estrogen, progesterone, aldosterone, cortisol, and bile salts.

Answer 23

Cholesterol

Question 24

This is condensation polymerization, in which a reaction occurs between a dicarboxylic acid and a dihydric alcohol (diol), with the elimination of water. Such a reaction yields an ester that contains a free (unreacted) carboxyl group at one end and a free alcohol group at the other end.

Answer 24

Esterification

Question 25

This is a metabolic process in which an organism converts a carbohydrate, such as starch or a sugar, into an alcohol or an acid

Answer 25

Fermentation