LESSON 6: MACROMOLECULES Flashcards
These are natural polymers.
Proteins
They are very large molecules that are critical for the functions of the human body.
Proteins
They are made from the linkage of monomers called amino acids. There are 20 kinds of amino acids depending on the —R group.
Proteins
DIFFERENT LEVELS OF PROTEIN STRUCTURE
This refers to the linear sequence of amino acids joined by peptide bonds such as the sequence of amino acids below.
Primary Structure
DIFFERENT LEVELS OF PROTEIN STRUCTURE
It indicates the shape of the protein molecule as a result of hydrogen bonding between –C=O and –NH groups (backbones of amino acids) within the chain.
Secondary Structure
DIFFERENT LEVELS OF PROTEIN STRUCTURE
The interactions among the R groups cause the folding and bending of the polypeptide chain. These interactions include the hydrogen bonding between R groups, ionic bonding between positive and negative R groups, disulfide bonding between two sulfur atoms, and the hydrophobic interaction between nonpolar groups.
Tertiary Structure
DIFFERENT LEVELS OF PROTEIN STRUCTURE
It is the 3-D structure of the protein. It results from the interactions among different polypeptide chains, forming either fibrous globular or conjugated proteins.
Quaternary Structure
PROTEIN FUNCTIONS
These are proteins involved in defending the body against antigens. They are the molecules of the immune system.
Antibodies
PROTEIN FUNCTIONS
These are responsible for body movement such as muscle contraction.
Contractile Proteins
PROTEIN FUNCTIONS
These are proteins that catalyze (speed up) or facilitate biochemical reactions.
Enzymes
PROTEIN FUNCTIONS
These serve as messenger proteins to help coordinate some body functions. An example is insulin (which controls blood sugar concentration).
Hormonal Proteins
PROTEIN FUNCTIONS
These are fibrous and provide support. An example is collagen which provides support to connective tissues.
Structural proteins
PROTEIN FUNCTIONS
These store amino acids like casein in milk.
Storage Proteins
PROTEIN FUNCTIONS
These are carrier proteins which move molecules from one place to another in the body. An example is hemoglobin which transports oxygen.
Transport proteins
It is a process in which a protein loses its secondary, tertiary, or quaternary structures.
Denaturation
These are natural polymers with very large molar masses.
Nucleic Acids
These are compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Carbohydrates
They are also known as saccharides and they function as the energy source of the body.
Carbohydrates
These are a class of naturally occurring organic compounds distinguished by their solubility in an organic solvent (and not in water). They are hydrophobic, nonpolar, and made up mostly of hydrocarbon chains
Lipids
They contain a glycerol and three fatty acids, each bound by an ester linkage. These compounds are the most abundant energy storage lipids in organisms. They can supply more energy than carbohydrates.
Triglycerides
There are esters formed from a fatty acid and a high molecular weight alcohol.
Waxes
They have a fused ring structure. Although they do not resemble the other lipids, they are grouped with them because they are also hydrophobic and insoluble in water.
Steroids
This is the most common steroid and is the precursor to vitamin D, testosterone, estrogen, progesterone, aldosterone, cortisol, and bile salts.
Cholesterol
This is condensation polymerization, in which a reaction occurs between a dicarboxylic acid and a dihydric alcohol (diol), with the elimination of water. Such a reaction yields an ester that contains a free (unreacted) carboxyl group at one end and a free alcohol group at the other end.
Esterification
This is a metabolic process in which an organism converts a carbohydrate, such as starch or a sugar, into an alcohol or an acid
Fermentation
