Lesson 6: Attack and defense

Question 1

what are deterrents?

Answer 1

when weapons like horns and spikes discourage predators from choosing to attack

Question 2

what are cryptic predators

Answer 2

allow potential prey to go a step further and avoid being seen by predators

Question 3

crypsis definition

Answer 3

the ability of an animal to avoid detection, and cryptic adaptations include camouflage color patters, hiding behaviours, and odor-masking chemicals

Question 4

herbivore eye position

Answer 4

wife field view. eyes positioned on the sides of their heads

Question 5

predator vision

Answer 5

position near each other and both face forward. have stereoscopic vision

Question 6

stereoscopic vision

Answer 6

allows an animal to see the same object with both eyes which improves the animals ability to judge depth

Question 7

finite element analysis

Answer 7

Are computer simulations that apply set material properties to a digital object and that report data on how stresses are dispersed through the object, when a force is applied at a particular point. Help evaluate hypotheses about the functions of many dinosaur adaptations

Question 8

what are agonistic behaviours

Answer 8

fighting and aggressive displays between members of the same species. one type is ritualized agonistic combat

Question 9

ritualized agonistic combat

Answer 9

Type of agonistic behavior. Competition between 2 individuals without either combatant risking serious injury

Question 10

what are monospecific bonebeds

Answer 10

Are large accumulations of fossil bones that are all from multiple individuals of the same species

Question 11

what is nonlethal face biting

Answer 11

Common agonistic behavior among modern carnivores

Question 12

finite element analysis (FEA)

Answer 12

A technique that’s used by engineers to figure out stress and strain within manmade objects and used by paleontologists to solve biomechanical problems

Question 13

what are the 3 types of hunting

Answer 13

1.stralthy stalking. 2.pursuit predators. 3.cooperation.

Question 14

what is stralthy stalking and what’s one example

Answer 14

fast but can’t run too long. wait and ambush for their prey. ex. big cats

Question 15

what are pursuit predators and what are 2 examples

Answer 15

endurance hunters. might not be as fast as its prey, but it will eventually exhaust and overtake it. ex. wolf and dogs

Question 16

what are cooperation hunters

Answer 16

animals who work together in packs

Question 17

Which of the following does a paleontologist not need to know in order to calculate the force with which an ankylosaur could swing its tail?

Answer 17

The adaptive function of the tail

Question 18

Which of the following is not a piece of evidence that has been used to infer social behaviour among dinosaurs

Answer 18

Herbivores with laterally positioned eyes

Question 19

Which of the following is a piece of evidence that has been used to infer social behaviour among dinosaurs (3 answers)

Answer 19

• Bonebeds with skeletons from only one species
• Healed wounds from face bites
• Aligned footprint trails

Question 20

Which of the following have finite element analyses of pachycephalosaur skulls shown to be true?

Answer 20

That pachycephalosaur skulls had mechanical stress reducing adaptations

Question 21

What do finite element analyses calculate?

Answer 21

How stress is distributed across an object

Question 22

How is the ankylosaur Pinacosaurus thought to have changed as it grew to adulthood?

Answer 22

It grew more armour

Question 23

what are 3 standard fossils

Answer 23

bones, plants, and shells

Question 24

what are 4 trace fossils

Answer 24

eggs, burrows, skin impression, trackways

Question 25

what is ichnology

Answer 25

study of trace fossils, footprints, and CAVEAT

Question 26

what are trace fossils

Answer 26

which record of behaviour of organisms

Question 27

what are the 6 examples of footprints

Answer 27

burrows, trails, feeding, traces, eggs, coprolites

Question 28

define CAVEAT

Answer 28

body fossils aren’t usually found with traces, so we give them their own name, referred to as ichnospecies, or ichnotaxa

Question 29

who discovered the first trackways

Answer 29

Edward Hitchcock