Lesson 6: Attack and defense Flashcards

1
Q

what are deterrents?

A

when weapons like horns and spikes discourage predators from choosing to attack

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2
Q

what are cryptic predators

A

allow potential prey to go a step further and avoid being seen by predators

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3
Q

crypsis definition

A

the ability of an animal to avoid detection, and cryptic adaptations include camouflage color patters, hiding behaviours, and odor-masking chemicals

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4
Q

herbivore eye position

A

wife field view. eyes positioned on the sides of their heads

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5
Q

predator vision

A

position near each other and both face forward. have stereoscopic vision

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6
Q

stereoscopic vision

A

allows an animal to see the same object with both eyes which improves the animals ability to judge depth

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7
Q

finite element analysis

A

Are computer simulations that apply set material properties to a digital object and that report data on how stresses are dispersed through the object, when a force is applied at a particular point. Help evaluate hypotheses about the functions of many dinosaur adaptations

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8
Q

what are agonistic behaviours

A

fighting and aggressive displays between members of the same species. one type is ritualized agonistic combat

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9
Q

ritualized agonistic combat

A

Type of agonistic behavior. Competition between 2 individuals without either combatant risking serious injury

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10
Q

what are monospecific bonebeds

A

Are large accumulations of fossil bones that are all from multiple individuals of the same species

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11
Q

what is nonlethal face biting

A

Common agonistic behavior among modern carnivores

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12
Q

finite element analysis (FEA)

A

A technique that’s used by engineers to figure out stress and strain within manmade objects and used by paleontologists to solve biomechanical problems

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13
Q

what are the 3 types of hunting

A

1.stralthy stalking. 2.pursuit predators. 3.cooperation.

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14
Q

what is stralthy stalking and what’s one example

A

fast but can’t run too long. wait and ambush for their prey. ex. big cats

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15
Q

what are pursuit predators and what are 2 examples

A

endurance hunters. might not be as fast as its prey, but it will eventually exhaust and overtake it. ex. wolf and dogs

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16
Q

what are cooperation hunters

A

animals who work together in packs

17
Q

Which of the following does a paleontologist not need to know in order to calculate the force with which an ankylosaur could swing its tail?

A

The adaptive function of the tail

18
Q

Which of the following is not a piece of evidence that has been used to infer social behaviour among dinosaurs

A

Herbivores with laterally positioned eyes

19
Q

Which of the following is a piece of evidence that has been used to infer social behaviour among dinosaurs (3 answers)

A
  • Bonebeds with skeletons from only one species
  • Healed wounds from face bites
  • Aligned footprint trails
20
Q

Which of the following have finite element analyses of pachycephalosaur skulls shown to be true?

A

That pachycephalosaur skulls had mechanical stress reducing adaptations

21
Q

What do finite element analyses calculate?

A

How stress is distributed across an object

22
Q

How is the ankylosaur Pinacosaurus thought to have changed as it grew to adulthood?

A

It grew more armour

23
Q

what are 3 standard fossils

A

bones, plants, and shells

24
Q

what are 4 trace fossils

A

eggs, burrows, skin impression, trackways

25
what is ichnology
study of trace fossils, footprints, and CAVEAT
26
what are trace fossils
which record of behaviour of organisms
27
what are the 6 examples of footprints
burrows, trails, feeding, traces, eggs, coprolites
28
define CAVEAT
body fossils aren’t usually found with traces, so we give them their own name, referred to as ichnospecies, or ichnotaxa
29
who discovered the first trackways
Edward Hitchcock