Lesson 6: Attack and defense Flashcards
what are deterrents?
when weapons like horns and spikes discourage predators from choosing to attack
what are cryptic predators
allow potential prey to go a step further and avoid being seen by predators
crypsis definition
the ability of an animal to avoid detection, and cryptic adaptations include camouflage color patters, hiding behaviours, and odor-masking chemicals
herbivore eye position
wife field view. eyes positioned on the sides of their heads
predator vision
position near each other and both face forward. have stereoscopic vision
stereoscopic vision
allows an animal to see the same object with both eyes which improves the animals ability to judge depth
finite element analysis
Are computer simulations that apply set material properties to a digital object and that report data on how stresses are dispersed through the object, when a force is applied at a particular point. Help evaluate hypotheses about the functions of many dinosaur adaptations
what are agonistic behaviours
fighting and aggressive displays between members of the same species. one type is ritualized agonistic combat
ritualized agonistic combat
Type of agonistic behavior. Competition between 2 individuals without either combatant risking serious injury
what are monospecific bonebeds
Are large accumulations of fossil bones that are all from multiple individuals of the same species
what is nonlethal face biting
Common agonistic behavior among modern carnivores
finite element analysis (FEA)
A technique that’s used by engineers to figure out stress and strain within manmade objects and used by paleontologists to solve biomechanical problems
what are the 3 types of hunting
1.stralthy stalking. 2.pursuit predators. 3.cooperation.
what is stralthy stalking and what’s one example
fast but can’t run too long. wait and ambush for their prey. ex. big cats
what are pursuit predators and what are 2 examples
endurance hunters. might not be as fast as its prey, but it will eventually exhaust and overtake it. ex. wolf and dogs
what are cooperation hunters
animals who work together in packs
Which of the following does a paleontologist not need to know in order to calculate the force with which an ankylosaur could swing its tail?
The adaptive function of the tail
Which of the following is not a piece of evidence that has been used to infer social behaviour among dinosaurs
Herbivores with laterally positioned eyes
Which of the following is a piece of evidence that has been used to infer social behaviour among dinosaurs (3 answers)
- Bonebeds with skeletons from only one species
- Healed wounds from face bites
- Aligned footprint trails
Which of the following have finite element analyses of pachycephalosaur skulls shown to be true?
That pachycephalosaur skulls had mechanical stress reducing adaptations
What do finite element analyses calculate?
How stress is distributed across an object
How is the ankylosaur Pinacosaurus thought to have changed as it grew to adulthood?
It grew more armour
what are 3 standard fossils
bones, plants, and shells
what are 4 trace fossils
eggs, burrows, skin impression, trackways
what is ichnology
study of trace fossils, footprints, and CAVEAT
what are trace fossils
which record of behaviour of organisms
what are the 6 examples of footprints
burrows, trails, feeding, traces, eggs, coprolites
define CAVEAT
body fossils aren’t usually found with traces, so we give them their own name, referred to as ichnospecies, or ichnotaxa
who discovered the first trackways
Edward Hitchcock
