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PALEO 201 > Lesson 1: appearances and anatomy > Flashcards

Lesson 1: appearances and anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Paleontology definition

A

is the study of all prehistoric life. Knowledge primarily comes from fossils

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2
Q

definition of fossils and what they include

A 
means "dug up." Any preserved evidence left behind by a prehistoric organism. include: Footprints
Eggshells
Coprolites (fossil poop)
Skin and feather impressions
Bones
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3
Q

bones definition

A

Bones are partially made of minerals, which do not decay as easily as flesh and other soft tissues. Animals may store a valuable mineral resource, such as calcium, by growing a new bone deposit or by increasing the density of already existing bone

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4
Q

adaptations definition

A

Traits that have evolved because they serve specific functions.

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5
Q

dinosaur timeline

A

Lived in the Mesozoic Era spanned from 248mya to 65mya which included the Triassic, Jurassic, and cretaceous period

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6
Q

convergent evolution definition

A

The process whereby distantly related organisms independently evolve similar traits to adapt to similar necessities
Example: both birds and bugs fly (similar traits to adapt) but are different species and not related to each other (independently evolve)

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7
Q

cladistics ‘family tree’

A

groups can be lumped together based on shared characteristics (homologous traits, not analogous traits)

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8
Q

evolution of birds

A

inherited obligate bipedalism from theropod ancestor

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9
Q

4 types of reptiles

A
  1. dimetrodon (292-279mya) (not dinos)
  2. pterosaurs (not dinos)
  3. tetrapods
  4. archosauria
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10
Q

extant definition

A

meaning living

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11
Q

2 groups of archosaurs

A
  1. Crurotarsi (shank ankle) crocs and relatives. peg and socket gives rotation and sprawling capability
  2. Ornithodira (bird neck) dino, pterosaurs, birds. Mesotarsal ankle - simple hinge joining between the lower leg and the ankle bones; erect stance; maneuverability (fast), but lacks stability
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12
Q

non-amniotic egg

A

The yolk is represented by the yellow shape below the embryo
Fish egg. The egg is composed of a series of jellylike layers that protect the developing embryo from desiccation, pathogens and, to a limited extent, predators. Surrounding the embryo is a structure called the vitelline membrane

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13
Q

amniotic egg

A

An air-breathing egg characterized by a shell and extraembryonic membranes
Reptiles, birds, and mammals all have amniotic eggs

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14
Q

centrum definition

A

A vertebra has a spool- or disk-shaped body

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15
Q

neural arch

A

Above the centrum is the neural arch, which covers the neural canal
Is the opening in each vertebra, through which the spinal nerves run

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16
Q

Two common types of vertebral processes

A

1.Transverse processes.
Which extend from the lateral sides of the vertebrae
2. Spinous processes.
Which extend upwards from the neural arch

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17
Q

vertebral processes

A

Vertebral processes provide attachment surfaces for muscles and sometimes provide articulation surfaces for ribs

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18
Q

cervical vertebrae

A

Vertebrae in the neck. often have extra-large openings for blood and nerve channels and are adapted to support the weight of an animal’s head

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19
Q

dorsal vertebrae

A

Vertebrae in the back. often have tall spinous processes and large rib articulation surfaces

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20
Q

sacral vertebrae

A

Vertebrae in the hips. Because the pelvic bones in terrestrial vertebrates serve as solid anchors for powerful leg muscles, the pelvic bones (later discussed in detail) are fused to the sacral vertebrae

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21
Q

Sacrum

A

To further increase the strength of the hips, the sacral vertebrae are also fused with one another and form a single solid bone structure

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22
Q

Caudal vertebrae

A

Vertebrae in the tail

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23
Q

Chevrons

A

Protect a large blood and nerve channel and provide support for tail muscles

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24
Q

Gastralia

A

Some dinosaurs had gastralia, or “belly ribs”

Are small ribs positioned across a dinosaur’s underbelly, underneath the ribcage

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25
Q

Tetrapod

A

Dinosaurs, mammals, reptiles, and amphibians all belong to a special group of vertebrates known as tetrapods
Means “four feet”

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26
Q

limb gridles

A

The limbs of a tetrapod are connected to the rest of the skeleton by limb girdles

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27
Q

pectoral gridles

A

The forelimbs connect to the pectoral girdle, also called the shoulder girdle

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28
Q

Scapula

A

Also called shoulder blade

The largest bone in each side of the pectoral girdle

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29
Q

Pelvic girdle

A

The hindlimbs connect to the pelvic girdle, or hip bones

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30
Q

hip bone components

A

ilium, pubis, ischium

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31
Q

Acetabulum

A

Hip socket where the femur inserts; in dinosaurs, it is formed by the ilium, ischium, and pubis

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32
Q

arm bone components

A

radius, ulna, humerus

33
Q

carpals

A

The bones in the wrist

34
Q

metacarpals

A

The bones between the wrist and fingers

35
Q

phalanges

A

Finger bones

36
Q

Metatarsals

A

The bones between the ankle and toes

37
Q

erect stance

A

Perforated acetabulum.
Dinosaurs had a parasagittal stance.
Femoral head is at 90 degrees to hip.
Legs could only move forward and back

38
Q

3 types of skulls

A

Anapsids: none (nothing living…), synapsids: one pair of temporal openings (e.g. mammals), diapsid: two pairs of temporal openings (e.g. dinosaurs)
check doc for images

39
Q

the nares

A

Pair of openings for the nostrils

40
Q

orbits

A

Pair of openings for the eyes

41
Q

Fenestrae

A

Opening in the skull that does not house a major sensory organ. dinosaurs have two fenestrae. Fenestrae on the lateral sides of the skull are called the laterotemporal. The fenestrae on the top of the skull are called the supratemporal fenestrae

42
Q

antorbital fenestrae

A

dinosaurs have a third fenestrae pair. The function of the antorbital fenestra is unclear

43
Q

2 groups of dinos

A

saurischian vs ornithischian. Lizard-hipped vs bird hipped

44
Q

5 groups of Ornithischian

A

Ornithopods, Pachycephalosaurs, Ceratopsians, Stegosaurs, Ankylosaurs

45
Q

Ornithopods

A

Medium-large herbivores; predentary, bird-hipped
Bipedal or facultatively bipedal
Hadrosaurs, iguanodontids, heterodontosaurids
Lack armour

46
Q

Pachycephalosaurs

A

Dome headed dinosaurs
Depiction of head butting dinosaurs still debate
Armoured skull

47
Q

Ceratopsians

A

Quadrupedal, frills/crests, rosstral (curved beak)
Chasmosaurus: long, open frills
Parrot-like beaks
Skulls that are greatly expanded in the rear

48
Q

Stegosaurs

A

Large dermal plates and thagomizers (tail spikes)
Likely staggered; through unclear function (histo)
Thagomizers - likely used as defensive weapons
Have rows osteoderm plates down their backs and long osteoderm spikes on their tails

49
Q

Ankylosaurs

A

Rows of osteoderms found along the neck, back and tail
Nodosaurs and ankylosaurus: clubless, clubs
Quadrupedalism acquired in stepwise fashion
Hoof-like unguals on all fingers
Forelimbs straight, elbows tucked, hands pointed forward

50
Q

2 groups of Saurischian/Saurischia

A

Theropods beast foot (t-rex). Sauropodomorphs (long-necks)

51
Q

locomotion

A

“Place moving”

52
Q

for vertebrate locomotion work it

Requires

A

Bones
Muscles
Nerves
Energy

53
Q

Classifying locomotion

A

Posture: sprawling (Limbs help out to side, Lower activity).
Posture: erect (Limbs help beneath body,
Higher activity).
Posture: pillar-erect (Unique to ‘rauisuchians’
Similar to erect posture via hip modification instead of leg).

54
Q

types of feet

A 
Plantigrade 
(Uses whole hand eg.bears). 
Digitigrade
(Only fingers and toes in contact with the ground eg.dogs and t-rex). 
Unguligrade 
(Has only 1 toe eg.horses)
55
Q

types of walking formation

A 
Obligate quadrupedalism 
(Usually walk and run on four legs). 
Obligate bipedalism 
(Usually walk and run on two legs). 
Facultative bipedalism/quadrupedalism 
(Usually walk on four legs, but can rise up to run on two legs 
Kangaroos, basilisk lizard)
56
Q

Methods to infer locomotion

A

Skeleton anatomy.
Trackways.
Center of mass (CoM).
Biomechanics (e.g. muscle reconstruction, range of motion)

57
Q

Muscle reconstruction

A
  1. Observe muscles/scars in closest living relative
  2. Looking for same scars in extinct taxa
  3. Generate model
58
Q

Ceratopsia

A

Erect. Center of mass (CoM) suggest that a large skull with cranial ornamentation caused obligate quadrupedalism.
Muscle reconstruction in Chasmosaurus suggested low locomotor ability (probably couldn’t gallop or run quickly)

59
Q

Pachycephalosauria

A

All members obligate bipeds (stegoceras).

Tridactyl foot, narrow hips

60
Q

Ornithopoda

A

Locomotory adaptations underwent mosaic evolution.

Narrow-gauged stance, moderately wide hips

61
Q

Stegosauria

A

Quadrupedalism acquired in stepwise fashion. CoM close to hip Not strongly affected by large body mass or dermal armour

62
Q

Basal saurischians

A

Some bird-like muscle organization already present in early dinosaurs

63
Q

Sauropodomorpha

A

Quadrupedalism acquired in stepwise fashion

Neck enlargement caused anterior shift in CoM

64
Q

Theropoda

A

obligate bipedalism. (tridactyl feet except for a few). Various adaptations for cursoriality (running ability)

65
Q

when classifying an animal’s locomotion you define what 3 characteristics

A

posture: options are sprawling, erect, pillar-erect
anatomy: options are plantigrade, Digitigrade, and Unguligrade
form: options are Obligate quadrupedalism, Obligate bipedalism, and Facultative bipedalism/quadrupedalism

66
Q

what are dinos? summary

A

dinosaurs are vertebrates (backbone), tetrapods (tetrapod skeleton), amniotes (amniotic egg), diapsids (two pairs of temporal fenestrae), archosaurs (antorbital fenestra), ornithodira (hinge-like ankle), dinosauria

67
Q

dental batteries

A

Teeth form large chewing surfaces and are collectively

68
Q

Thyreophorans

A

Armour bearers: osteoderms formed in the skin (often in parallel lines). Includes the Stegosaurus and Ankylosaurus

69
Q

Marginocephalians - crests

A

Ridge of bone that runs along the back of the skull. Pachycephalosaurus and ceratopsians

70
Q

osteoderms

A

Bones that forms from the skin

71
Q

Integumentary structures

A

Structures formed from the skin such as hair, scales, and feathers

72
Q

Keratin

A

Fibrous structural protein that is flexible but relatively durable; major component of hair, nails, scales, and feathers

73
Q

Melanosomes

A

Pigment cells that produce colour in feathers

74
Q

Which hip bone is important for the division of the dinosauria?

A

pubis

75
Q

What is the order of the different vertebrae, going from the head to the tail?

A

Cervical, dorsal, sacral, caudal

76
Q

Match ornithischian and saurischian to their meanings. There are two correct answers

A

Ornithischian; “bird-hipped”; pubis pointing backward. Saurischian; “lizard-hipped”; pubis pointing forward

77
Q

Which of the following are all ornithischian dinosaurs?

A

Ankylosaurus, pachycephalosaurus, ceratopsians, hadrosaurs, stegosaurus

78
Q

How many pairs of fenestrae did dinosaurs have behind their orbits?

A

two

79
Q

What fenestrae did dinosaurs possess?

A

Antorbital, supratemporal, laterotemporal

PALEO 201 (8 decks)

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