Lesson - 6 Flashcards
is a process of systematically examining varying viewpoints related to moral
questions of right and wrong.
Ethics
The tool should help people get better, not worse.
Example: Using data to predict who’s at risk for a disease so they can get help early.
Beneficence
The tool shouldn’t accidentally hurt anyone.
Example: Making sure the tool doesn’t give out wrong information that could lead to bad treatment.
Non-Maleficence
Everyone should have equal access to the benefits of the tool, no matter who they are.
Example: Designing the tool so it works for people in rural areas, not just big cities.
Justice
People should have a say in how their information is used.
Example: Getting someone’s permission before putting their health data into the tool
Autonomy
People’s health information should be kept private and safe.
Example: Putting strong security measures in place to stop hackers from stealing patient data.
Confidentiality/Privacy
The tool should be used in an honest and transparent way.
Example: being honest about the limitations of the tool.
Integrity
The tool should be used in an honest and transparent way.
Example: being honest about the limitations of the tool.
Integrity
defined as the study and formulation of healthcare ethics. ___
takes on relevant ethical problems experienced by health care providers in the
provision of care to individuals and groups. As technology advances increased,
recognition and acknowledgment of rights and the needs of individuals and groups
receiving this high tech care also increased.
Bioethics
Bioethics is all about figuring out what’s right and wrong in medical situations.
It helps doctors, nurses, and other healthcare workers make good
decisions.
Healthcare Ethics
As we get better at using computers and data in healthcare (that’s informatics!), new ethical questions pop up.
For example, what happens when we can store everyone’s health records in one place? Who gets to see them? How do we keep them
safe?
Technology and Healthcare
Bioethics helps us make sure that technology is used in a way that
respects people’s rights and needs.
It’s about making sure that everyone is treated fairly and that their
privacy is protected.
It is about protecting people from being treated like a number, or just
data.
Protecting People
Bioethics helps us deal with tricky situations, like:
■ Should we use a new AI tool to diagnose patients, even if it’
s not
perfect?
■ How do we share genetic information without violating
‘
someone
s privacy?
■ How do we ensure that new medical technologies are available
to everyone, and not just the wealthy?
Bioethics helps us deal with tricky situations, like:
■ Should we use a new AI tool to diagnose patients, even if it’s not perfect?
■ How do we share genetic information without violating’ someones privacy?
■ How do we ensure that new medical technologies are available
to everyone, and not just the wealthy?
Real-Life Problems
These are situations where there’s a conflict between two or
more ethical principles.
Example: The computer system predicts a patient is likely to get very sick, but telling
them might cause them severe anxiety. Do you tell them and risk their emotional
well-being, or withhold information and risk their physical health?
ETHICAL DILEMMAS:
These are situations where your personal values or beliefs clash
with a professional duty or another person’s values.
Example: You believe strongly in a patient’s right to know everything about their health.
But the patient’s family asks you not to tell them a terminal diagnosis, because they
believe it would cause them to give up hope. Your moral belief in patient autonomy
conflicts with the family’s wishes.
MORAL DILEMMAS:
: The process of making informed choices about ethical
dilemmas based on a set of standards differentiating right from wrong. The changing
meaning of ‘communication’ alone will bring with it new concerns by healthcare
professionals for protecting patients’ rights of confidentiality, privacy and autonomy.
Ethical Decision Making
: emerged from relatively
homogenous societies where beliefs were similar
and the majority of societal members shared
common values.
Hippocratic Tradition
It means that healthcare professionals should prioritize avoiding harm to their patients
The Core Idea: “First, do no harm.”
KEY PRINCIPLES:
BENEFICENCE, NON-MALEFICENCE, CONFIDENTIALITY, THE
DOCTOR-PATIENT RELATIONSHIP
arose as societies became more heterogeneous and members began
experiencing a diversity of incompatible beliefs and values. Principles were
expansive enough to be shared by all rational individuals, regardless of their
background and individual beliefs.
Principlism:
Free-will or agency
Autonomy
-to do good
Beneficence
-not to harm
Nonmaleficence
-social distribution of benefits and burdens
Justice
Imagine you’re trying to solve a puzzle. Principlism gives you four key pieces:
●Let people decide for themselves.
●Do good.
●Don’t cause harm.
●Treat everyone fairly
prompted by expansive technological changes and associated ethical dilemmas opponents of principlism claim principles:
a. are too conceptual, intangible or abstract
b. disregard or do not take into account a person’s psychological factors,
personality, life history, sexual orientation, religious, ethnic and cultural background.
Anti Principlism
the ____ approach to ethical decision-making grew out of the concern for more concrete methods of examining ethical dilemmas. ___ is a case based ethical reasoning method that analyzes the facts of a case in a sound, logical and ordered or structured manner. The facts are compared to the decisions arising out of
consensus in previous paradigmatic or model cases.
Casuistry
The _________ Model centers on health care professional’s implicit agreement with patient/client (Husted and Husted, 2995, p. 19)
Bioethical Decision Making (Husted)
Based on six contemporary bioethical standards
AUTONOMY, FREEDOM,VERACITY, PRIVACY, BENEFICENCE AND FIDELITY.
This approach emphasizes the virtuous character of individuals who
make the choices. A virtue is any characteristic or disposition we desire in others or
ourselves. It comes from the Greek word aretai meaning excellence and refers to what
we expect of ourselves and others
Virtue Ethics
Greek word aretai meaning excellence and refers to what
we expect of ourselves and others
Virtue of Ethics
man’s rational approach to problem solving whereby the individual uses reasoning capacities to address real-life dilemmas.
wisdom
the spiritual virtue of man or the capacity to do what is right,
even when you do not want to
courage
refers to the ability not to do what you really want to
self-control
Who maintain that virtue theory should be related to
other theories within the comprehensive philosophy of the health professions. They
argue that moral events are composed of four elements—the agent, the act, the
circumstances, and the consequences—and that a variety of theories must be
interrelated to account for different facets of moral judgment.
Pellegrino and Thomasma ( 1993)
-overrides all
justice
