Lesson #5 - Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea

Question 1

Characteristics of prokaryotes:

Answer 1

• Cells contain no membrane bound organelles (ex: mitochondria or nucleus)
• Cells have a single chromosome
• Cells reproduce asexually by binary fission

Question 2

Most common shapes of bacteria

Answer 2

spheres and rods

Question 3

What is it called when cells groups together?

Answer 3

Aggregation

Question 4

Scientific names for aggregations:

Answer 4

Singular –> coccus
Two linked –> Di / diplococcus
Straight chain –> streptococcus
Cluster –> staphylococcus

Question 5

Rod shaped bacteria are:

Answer 5

Bacillus. Exist by themselves or in chains/ pairs

Question 6

Spiral bacteria are:

Answer 6

Spirillum

Question 7

What are plasmids?:

Answer 7

• Some bacteria have plasmids in their cytoplasms
• A small loop of DNA that carry special genes that provide extra advantages to the cell (ie. antibiotic resistance)

Question 8

What are autotrophs?:

Answer 8

Bacteria that are able to assemble organic molecules from inorganic molecules

Question 9

What are heterotrophs?:

Answer 9

Bacteria that have to get their nutrients from organic molecules

Question 10

Habitats of bacteria:

Answer 10

• obligate aerobes
• Facultative aerobes
• Obligate anaerobes

Question 11

Obligate aerobes:

Answer 11

they NEED oxygen from their environment in order to get energy from food by performing aerobic respiration

Question 12

Facultative aerobes:

Answer 12

can survive with or without the presence of oxygen… when there is no oxygen, they perform anaerobic
fermentation

Question 13

Obligate anaerobes:

Answer 13

cannot live in an environment with oxygen present

Question 14

Habitats of archaea:

Answer 14

• Halophiles
• Thermophiles
• Psychrophiles

Question 15

Halophiles:

Answer 15

live in highly saline (salty) environment. These organisms are aerobic.

Question 16

Thermophiles:

Answer 16

live in extremely hot environments (ex.
Hydrothermal vents in the deep ocean)

Question 17

Psychrophiles:

Answer 17

live in extremely cold environments

Question 18

Forms of bacterial sexual reproduction:

Answer 18

• Conjugation
• Transformation

Question 19

Conjugation sexual reproduction:

Answer 19

a form of sexual reproduction where a donor cell passes along a copy of a plasmid to a recipient cell through a hollow pilus

Question 20

Transformation sexual reproduction:

Answer 20

• when a bacteria picks up a loose fragment of DNA from its surroundings and uses it
• If these genes came from a different species, this is called horizontal gene transfer

Question 21

What are antibiotics:

Answer 21

• substances that can kill microorganisms
• These can be produced naturally or synthetically in a lab
• If a bacteria does not have the plasmid that codes for resistance against that antibiotic, the organism will die