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Histopathology Laboratory > Lesson 5: > Flashcards

Lesson 5: Flashcards

1
Q

Commonly used Dehydrating Agents (AACDTT)

A

Alcohol
Acetone
Cellosolve
Dioxane
Tetrahydrofuran
Triethyl Phosphate

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2
Q

Recommended for routine dehydration of tissues and the “Best dehydrating agent” because it is fast acting

A

Ethyl alcohol

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3
Q

3 types of Dehydrating Agent of Alcohol

A

Ethyl Alcohol
Methyl Alcohol
Butyl Alcohol

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4
Q

Toxic dehydrating agent, primarily employed for “blood and tissue films” for smear preparations

A

Methyl alcohol

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5
Q

Slow dehydrating agent, producing less shrinkage and hardening than ethyl alcohol

Recommended for tissues which do not require rapid processing

A

Butyl Alcohol

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6
Q

Identify the Dehydrating Agent

Rapid-acting dehydrating agent utilized for “most urgent biopsies” which it dehydrates in 30 minutes to 2 hours

Highly flammable, poorly penetrating

A

Acetone

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7
Q

Excellent dehydrating and clearing agent readily miscible in water, melted paraffin, alcohol, and xylol

Produces less tissue shrinkage compared to alcohol dehydration

Tissue can be left in this reagent for long periods of time without affecting staining property

Extremely dangerous

A

Dioxane

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7
Q

Clearing is also called as?

A

De-alcoholization

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7
Q

Dehydrates rapidly

Combustible at 110-120F and toxic by inhalation, skin contact, and ingestion

A

Cellosolve

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8
Q

Both hydrates and clear tissues since it is miscible in both water and paraffin

Can dissolve many substances including fats and is in itself miscible with:

lower alcohols
ether
chloroform
acetone
benzene
xylene

A

Triethyl Phosphate

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8
Q

This follows “Dehydration”

A

Clearing

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9
Q

Similar with Triethyl Phosphate but is toxic if ingested or inhaled

A

Tetrahydrofuran (THF)

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10
Q

This step “prepares tissue for infiltration”

A

Clearing

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11
Q

Two types of “Clearing Agents”

A

Organic Solvent
Oils

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12
Q

In the “Clearing” process, the tissue becomes hard and brittle leading to problems in cutting if it stays for how many hours?

A

Longer than 3 hours (>3 hours)

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12
Q

The absolute (100%) alcohol present in the tissue is best cleared using? (3)

A

Xylol (agent of choice)
Chloroform
Toluene

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13
Q

Commonly used Clearing Agents (8)

A

Xylene
Toluene
Benzene
Chloroform
Cedarwood Oil
Aniline Oil
Clove Oil
Carbon Tetrachloride

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13
Q

Identify the Clearing Agent:

Preferred by some as clearing agent in the embedding process of tissues because it penetrates and clears tissue “rapidly”

Used for “urgent biopsies and routine purposes”
Clearing Time: 15-60 mins (Rapid Acting)

A

Benzene

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14
Q

4 Types of Organic Solvent (Clearing Agents)

A

Xylene
Toluene
Benzene
Chloroform

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14
Q

Clearing Agent that is rapid and causes hardening, brittleness, and shrinkage of tissue

A

Organic Solvent

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15
Q

5 Types of Oil (Clearing Agents)

A

Cedarwood Oil
Aniline Oil
Clove Oil
Carbon Tetrachloride
Methyl Benzoate and Methyl Salicylate

15
Q

Identify the Clearing Agent:

Colorless
Clearing Time: 30 mins to 1 hour
Used for both embedding and mounting procedures
Suitable for most routine histologic processing schedules: <24 hours
Tissue block size: <5mm

A

Xylene

16
Q

Identify the Clearing Agent:

Substitute for Xylene or Benzene
Used for embedding and mounting procedures
Clearing Time: 1-2 hours

A

Toluene

17
Q

Identify the Clearing Agent:

Clear both “paraffin” and “celloidin” sections during the embedding process
Clearing Time: 2-3 days (extremely slow)
Used for:

CNS tissues
Cytological studies (smooth muscle and skin)

A

Cedarwood Oils

17
Q

Identify the Clearing Agent:

In embedding, it is slower than xylene
Cause less brittleness
Tissue Block Size: up to 1 cm (Thick Blocks)
Does not become translucent
Causes minimum shrinkage and hardening of tissues and used for routine work and:

Tough tissues (skin, fibroid, and decalcified)
Nervous tissues
Lymph nodes
Embryos

A

Chloroform

18
Q

Identify the Clearing Agent:

Clears “70% alcohol) without excessive tissue shrinkage and hardening
“Not normally utilized” as a routine clearing agent but is rather recommended for clearing:

Embryos
Insects
Very delicate specimens

A

Aniline Oil

19
Q

Identify the Clearing Agent:

Causes “minimum shrinkage of tissues”
Quality is not guaranteed due to its tendency to become “adulterated”
Wax impregnation after clearing with oil is slow and difficult
Tissue becomes brittle, aniline dye are removed and celloidin is dissolved
Expensive

A

Clove Oil

20
Q

Identify the Clearing Agent:

Clearing tissue for embedding
Similar properties to “Chloroform” but cheaper
Considerable tissue hardening and is dangerous to inhale on prolonged exposure due to its highly toxic effects

A

Carbon Tetrachloride

21
Q

Identify the Clearing Agent:

Slow acting clearing agents used for “Double Embedding Techniques”

A

Methyl Benzoate and Methyl Salicylate

22
Q

A process of assigning an identification code, usually a combination of numbers and letters, for the specimen to properly distinguish it from others without the use of the patient’s name

A

Accessioning and Numbering

22
Q

Fun Fact: All tissues submitted to the histopathology laboratory must, without exception, be subjected to one or more of the different methods of fixation

A

Heck Yeah! Jigsaw!

23
Q

For routine fixation, do we use freezants, heat, or chemical solutions?

A

Chemical Solutions (Fixatives)

23
Q

This preserves the cells and tissues in their natural state

A

Fixation

23
Q

Fun Fact: Fixation has a “bactericidal” effect which protects the technician from the pathogens present in the tissue sample

A

Yippie! You da goat!

24
Q

What is the size of the tissue?

A

1-2 cm long x 1-2cm wide x 4-5mm thick

25
Q

True or False

Eyeball and brain, if possible, are not cut into small slices, they need to be processed as whole organs

A

True

26
Q

2 Types of Infiltration Media

A

Water Miscible
Water Immiscible

26
Q

What kind of wax is used in routine infiltration?

A

Paraffin wax

27
Q

2 major Embedding Media

A

Paraffin Wax
Celloidin

27
Q

Other name for Infiltration

A

Impregnation

27
Q

Most popular, but not the best, dehydrating agent available

A

Ethanol

27
Q

In dehydration, what is the preferred concentration of ethanol?

A

Ascending concentration (70% to 100%)

28
Q

It is the process whereby the clearing agent is completely removed from the tissue and replaced with a medium that will completely fill all the tissue spaces and cavities

A

Infiltration (Impregnation)

29
Q

A properly melted paraffin wax appears clear, while a turbid one indicates ___________

A

inadequate melting

30
Q

2 Types of Paraffin Wax

A

Soft Wax (low melting point)
Hard Wax (high melting point)

30
Q

Paraffin wax is melted in the oven set __ to ___ above the melting point of the paraffin wax

A

2-5C

31
Q

Embedding is also called as?

A

Blocking/Casting

31
Q

It is a process by which the infiltrated tissue is placed into a precisely arranged position in a mold containing a medium which is then allowed to solidify

A

Embedding

32
Q

It is the container wherein the surface of the section to be cut is cast

A

Boat

32
Q

To the tissue for proper embedding, the pathologist may notch with a scalpel or mark with ________, the side of the tissue opposite that to be cut

A

India ink(inking)

32
Q

L-shaped strips of metals where tissues are embedded

A

Leuckhard L-pieces

Histopathology Laboratory (5 decks)

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