Lesson 4: The Self From The Perspective Of Psychology

Question 1

American
Philosopher
and Psychologist

Answer 1

William James
(1842-1910)

Question 2

A separate object or individual that
the person to when discussing or
describing their personal
experiences.

Answer 2

“ME”

Question 3

Consists of the things or objects
that belong to the person or
entities that a person belongs to.

Answer 3

The material self

Question 4

Refers to the person is in a
particular social situation

Changes in behavior usually
result from the different social
situations the person finds
himself in.

Answer 4

The social self

Question 5

Refers to the self that is more
concrete or permanent when
compared to the material and social
selves.

the most subjective and intimate
part of the self.

Always engaging in the process of
introspection (self-observation).

Answer 5

The spiritual self

Question 6

Pure Ego =
person’s soul or
mind

• Comprises the
  totality of the
  person’s identity

Answer 6

The “I” self

Question 7

*Proposed a personality theory known as
the ‘Person-Centered Theory’

The “I” is the one that acts and decides
while the “Me” is what you think or feel
about yourself as an object.

Answer 7

Carl Rogers (1902-1987)

Question 8

used to refer how a
person thinks about or perceives himself.

Answer 8

Self-concept

Question 9

Two types of self-concept

Answer 9

The real-self concept
The ideal-self concept

Question 10

Refers to
all information and perception the
person has about himself.

Answer 10

The real self-concept

Question 11

Refers to
what the person aims for himself to
be

Answer 11

The ideal self-concept

Question 12

Self Actualization or feeling
Happy and satisfied

Answer 12

CONGRUENCE

Question 13

Leads to inconsistent behaviors and the
greater the __________ between the
ideal self and the self-concept, the more
vulnerable we are.

Answer 13

INCONGRUENCE

Question 14

Protection against anxiety and threat

Answer 14

DEFENSIVENESS

Question 15

we misinterpret an experience
in order to fit it into some aspect of our
self-concept.

Answer 15

*Distortion

Question 16

we refuse to perceive an
experience in awareness.

Answer 16

*Denial

Question 17

When defenses fail because the
incongruence is either too obvious or occurs
too suddenly to be denied or distorted.

Answer 17

DISORGANIZATION

Question 18

suggests that the self is
composed of the true self and the false self.

The function of the false self is to hide and protect the
true self.

People tend to display a false self to impress others.

The self can change depending on situations.

Answer 18

Donald Woods Winnicott

Question 19

The Social Cognitive Theory

• learning through observation
• suggested that human beings are
  proactive, self regulating, self-reflective,
  and self-organizing
• The human agency is the essence of
  being human

Answer 19

Albert Bandura (1925 – present)

Question 20

FEATURES
OF HUMAN
AGENCY

Answer 20

Intentionality
Forethought
Self-reactiveness
Self-reflectiveness

Question 21

Actions performed by the person with full
awareness of his behavior.

Answer 21

Intentionality

Question 22

Person’s anticipation of likely outcomes of his behavior.

Answer 22

Forethought

Question 23

Process in which the person is motivated and regulates his
behavior as he observes his progress in achieving his goals.

Answer 23

Self-reactiveness

Question 24

The person looking inward and evaluating his
motivations, values, life goals, and other people’s effect
on him.

Answer 24

Self-reflectiveness

Question 25

theory of the self is the concept of
archetype.

The archetype represents the hidden potentialities of the
psyche, or total personality.

Answer 25

Carl Jung (1875 – 1961)

Question 26

Four major archetypes

Answer 26

persona
shadow
animus/anima
self

Question 27

refers to social roles that
individuals present to others.

Answer 27

persona

Question 28

refers to the repressed thoughts
that are unacceptable. This archetype is
often considered as the dark side of the
psyche.

Answer 28

shadow

Question 29

is the feminine side of the
male psyche

Answer 29

anima

Question 30

is the
masculine side of the female psyche.

Answer 30

animus

Question 31

is the central archetype that
unites all parts of the psyche. The ego is
the individual’s conscious perception of
the self.

Answer 31

self

Question 32

According to __________, there are three
structures of personality: id, ego, and superego.

Answer 32

Sigmund Freud

Question 33

is the pleasure-seeking side, immature,
impulsive, child-like and cannot delay gratification.

Answer 33

id

Question 34

contains all drives, urges, or
instincts that are beyond our awareness but
motivates most of our words, feelings, and actions.

Answer 34

Unconscious

Question 35

Mental elements that are in
awareness at any given point in time.

Answer 35

Conscious

Question 36

refers to the “I” and works on the reality principle,
controls the id, and can delay pleasure.

Answer 36

ego

Question 37

refers to the “conscience” and “moral judge”
of conduct. * Violation of rules lead to guilt feelings.

Answer 37

superego

Question 38

made by the ego to avoid dealing directly with
aggressive impulses and to defend itself against
the anxiety they bring.

Answer 38

DEFENSE MECHANISMS

Question 39

threatening feelings are forced into
the unconscious

Answer 39

Repression

Question 40

repressed impulse may
become conscious by adopting a disguise that is
directly opposite its original form.

Answer 40

Reaction formation

Question 41

redirects unacceptable urges onto
a variety of people of objects so that the original
impulse is disguised/concealed

Answer 41

Displacement

Question 42

attributes unwanted impulse to an
external object, usually another person.

Answer 42

Projection

Question 43

Freud’s Psychosexual Stages

Answer 43

Oral - Birth - 1 Year
Anal - 1 - 3 Years
Phallic - 3 - 6 Years
Latency 6 - 11 Years
Genital - Adolescence