Lesson 4: Psychological Perspective Of Self Flashcards by Isagani Balignasay Jr.

It is the scientific study of how human thinks, feel, and behave.

Psychology

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Four Goals of Psychology

Describe - what the person is doing
Explain - why is s/he doing that
Predict - what is he going to do
Modify - how can we change the behavior

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of relating to, being, or involving
conscious intellectual activity

cognitive

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A Swiss clinical psychologist who
pioneered the Theory of Cognitive Development

Jean Piaget

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The theory deals with the nature of knowledge itself; and how humans
gradually come to acquire and use i

Theory of Cognitive
Development .

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a progressive
reorganization of mental processes resulting from
biological maturation and environmental experience

cognitive development

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BASIC COMPONENTS OF PIAGET’s COGNITIVE THEORY

Schemas
Adaption
Stages of cognitive development

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Mental organizations used
to understand the
environment

Schemas

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a child’s process in
encountering situational
conditions

Adaption

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focused on the growing expertise
of child’s thought process

Stages of Cognitive Development

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process of getting new information that is already active in our schemas. this operation is somewhat subjective for the reason we tend to change information and experiences that could fit in with our pre-existing beliefs.

Assimilation

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It is a procedure known as a part of adaption involves that altering or changing the existing schemas, as a result of a new experiences and information. During this process, a new schema might be developed.

Accomodation
Ex: 4 leg animal can be cat or dog base on child existing schema

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what stage is this?

0-2 age
Knowledge is through senses (tasting, seeing, smelling,
touching, hearing)
Object permanence develops between to 4-9 months

Sensorimotor

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What Stage is this?

2-5 age
Verbal and egocentric thinking develop
Can do mentally what one could only do physically
Conservation of shape, number, liquid not yet possible

Preoperation

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What stage is this?

6-11 age
Conservation of shape, number, liquid are now possible
Logic and reasoning develop, but are limited to

Concrete Operational

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What Stage is this?

12 and up age
Abstract reasoning - principles and ideals develop
Systematic problem solving is now possible ( no longer
just trial and error)
Ability to think about and reflect upon one’s thinking
(metacognition)
Scientific reasoning

Formal
Operational

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The ability to realize that objects still exist when
they are not being sensed

OBJECT PERMANENCE

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Believing that inanimate objects are alive

ANIMISTIC THINKING

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Not being capable of seeing things from
another person’s perspective

Egocentrism

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Recognition that when some properties (such as
shape) of an object change, other properties ( such
as volume) remain constant

CONSERVATION

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He is the father of
psychoanalysis. He is famous
for his work on human
nature and the unconscious

Sigmund Freud

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LEVELS
OF
MENTAL
LIFE

What we reveal

Concious Mind

What we conceal

Subconcious/Preconscious Mind
Unconcious Mind

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pertains to our current thoughts, what we sense
and think at the present. Freud did not delve in this level as he
believes that it has minimal influence in our behavior.

Conscious Level

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contains the thoughts that we can bring into our
consciousness easily or with needed effort. These thoughts
came from:
* Conscious Perception
* Unconscious

PRECONSCIOUS
LEVEL

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contains our instincts, wishes and desires that drives our behavior. It is the focus of psychoanalytic theory * Repressed Experiences

UNCONSCIOUS LEVEL

psychic energy remains invested on one stage leaving less energy for the next stage

Fixation

areas of the body that are sensitive to pleasant and sensual feelings which gives rise to feelings of pleasure/ sexual feeling when stimulated * each region/zone is the center of conflict in different stages in the life of the infant/childhood

EROGENOUS ZONES

PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES

ORAL STAGE ANAL STAGE PHALLIC STAGE LATENCY STAGE GENITAL STAGE

Birth to 1 year EZ: Mouth pleasurable activities: sucking; biting; swallowing; feeding * primary object of the libido: mother/ primary caregiver

Oral Stage

two ways of fixation:

- Oral incorporative- oral passive personality (gullible, passive, needs a lot of attention, substance addiction) – Oral aggressive or oral sadistic- oral aggressive personality (adults who are aggressive and like to argue)

1-3 year EZ: Bowel and Bladder Control pleasurable activities: retention of feces and willful defecation * toilet training: gratification of instinctual impulse (defecation) is interfered; regulating time and place of defecation

Anal Stage

two ways the child reacts to toilet training:

- Anal expulsion- anal aggressive personality (disorderly, messy, destructive, cruel) * Anal retention- anal retentive personality (stubborn, stingy, orderly, and compulsively clean) OCD and OCPD

3 - 6 years EZ: Genitals pleasurable activities: exploring and manipulating genitals (masturbation) * Development of an individual’s personality (depends greatly on the child’s identification with the parent)

Phallic Stage

PHALLIC PHASE COMPARISON for male

1. Oedipus complex (sexual desires for the mother/hostility for the father) 2. Castration complex in the form of castration anxiety shatters the Oedipus complex 3. Identification with the father 4. Strong superego replaces the nearly completely dissolved Oedipus complex

PHALLIC PHASE COMPARISON for female

1. Castration complex in the form of penis envy 2. Oedipus complex develops as an attempt to obtain a penis (sexual desires for the father; hostility for the mother) 3. Gradual realization that the Oedipal desires are self-defeating 4. Identification with the mother 5. Weak superego replaces the partially dissolved Oedipus complex

6 to pubirty libido inactive “safest stage” * sex instinct/urges are quiet and dormant * sublimation: school activities, sports, and hobbies; developing friendships * libido is transformed in acceptable activities * developing friendship with the same sex

LATENCY STAGE

Puberty to Death Maturing Sexual Interest

Genital personality: Freud's ideal of full development; person enjoys a satisfying adult sexuality; capable of genuine love; loving others for altruistic reasons * Psychological maturity: attained if a person has passed through the earlier developmental periods in an ideal manner

She Elaborated on the emergence of self-concept and asserted that the wide developmental changes is observed across: early childhood, later childhood, adolescence, emerging adults

DR. SUSAN HARTER

TWO IMPORTANT CONCEPTS OF SELF by Dr. Susan Harter

SELF-ESTEEM - self worth SELF-CONCEPT - individual perception of self

DEVELOPMENT OF SELF CONCEPT

1. EARLY CHILDHOOD 2. MIDDLE TO LATER CHILDHOOD 3. ADOLESCENCE 4. EMERGING ADULTS

Child describe the self in terms of concrete and observable characteristics

EARLY CHILDHOOD

Self is described in terms of trait-like constructs (e.g. shy, behaved, timid)

MIDDLE TO LATER CHILDHOOD

Emergence of more abstract self-definitions, such as inner thoughts, emotions, attitudes, & motives

ADOLESCENCE

Having a vision of “possible self”.

EMERGING ADULTS

Father of American Psychology His ground-breaking masterpiece was “The Principle of Psychology. He asserted that self lies at the center of mental life.

WILLIAM JAMES

The pure ego. The subjective self that is aware of its own actions ➢ A sense of being the agent of behavior ➢ A sense of being unique ➢ A sense of continuity ➢ A sense of awareness of being aware

I-SELF

The object. The self you can describe, based on observation and experience MATERIAL SELF SOCIAL SELF SPIRITUAL SELF

ME-Self

An American psychologist who was one of the founders of humanistic approach to psychology. He asserted that all behavior is motivated by self actualizing tendencies and these drive you to reach your potential.

CARL ROGERS

Emphasized the active role of the individual in shaping their internal and external worlds

Humanistic

A person is an active, creative, experiencing being who lives in the present and has a basic instinct to succeed at his highest capacity

Actualizing Tendency

includes such basic needs as food, air, and safety; but it also includes the tendency to resist change and to seek the status quo.

Need for Maintenance

people’s willingness to learn things that are not immediately rewarding  are expressed in a variety of forms, including curiosity, playfulness, self-exploration, friendship, and confidence  animals and plants have an inherent tendency to grow toward reaching their genetic potential— provided certain conditions are present.

Need for Enhancement

Two Subsystems of Self

Self Concept Ideal Self

all those aspects of one’s being and one’s experiences that are perceived in awareness (though not always accurately) by the individual.

Self Concept

one’s view of self as one wishes to be.  A wide gap between the ideal self and the self-concept indicates incongruence and an unhealthy personality

Ideal Self

Conditions to achieve Actualizing Tendency

CONGRUENCE UNCONDITIONAL POSITIVE REGARD EMPATHY

Developed his transactional analysis method as a basis for understanding behavior. 1. Every person has three (3) parts called ego states in his/her personality 2. People communicate with one another assuming roles of any of these ego states

Eric Berne

developmental psychologists, asserted that children are very adjusted to their parents’ feelings and needs. They unconsciously acknowledge that they need their parents’ permission in order to survive, so they strive to meet their needs as much as possible .

John Bowlby & Donald Winnicott

CONCEPT OF SELF

TRUE SELF - Our feelings and desires FALSE SELF - Changed its behavior, inhibited feelings, and forced needs aside in order to survive

2 FALSE SELF

HEALTHY FALSE SELF - One which allows someone to be functional in the society - Still connected with the true sel UNHEALTHY FALSE SELF - One that fits into society through forced compliance rather than a desire to adapt