LESSON 4: BRIEF HISTORY IN MICROBIOLOGY AND LABORATORY SAFETY AND INFECTION CONTROL Flashcards
An English scientist and architect, a polymath, recently called “England’s Leonardo”, who, using a microscope, was the first to visualize a microorganism.
Robert Hooke
states that the stretching of a solid body (metals, woods) is proportional to the force applied.
Elasticity (Hooke’s Law) -
Robert Hooke, an english scientist decided to examine thin slices of plant material and was struck by the appearance of regular box-like structures he names “cells” (smallest unit of life).
Cell History
founded compound microscope.
- Dutch microscopist who was the first to observe bacteria and protozoa (parasites).
His research on lower animals refuted the doctrine of spontaneous generation, and his observation helped lay the foundations for the sciences of bacteriology and protozoology.
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
found red blood cells.
Marcelo Malpighi
father of ancient bacteriology and scientific microscopy.
Leeuwenhoek -
study of bacteria.
Bacteriology
a German physician and microbiologist.
As one of the main founders of modern bacteriology, he identified the specific causative agents of tuberculosis, cholera, and anthrax, and gave experimental support for the concept of infectious disease, which included experiments on humans and animals
ROBERT KOCH
A French biologist, microbiologist, and chemist renowned for his discoveries of the principles of vaccination, microbial fermentation, and pasteurization. He is remembered for his remarkable breakthroughs in the causes and prevention of diseases, and his discoveries have saved many lives ever since.
Louis Pasteur
“Father of Modern Bacteriology”
Louis Pasteur
He demonstrated that microorganisms are present in the air and can contaminate sterile solutions, but the air itself does not create microbes “cross-contamination”
Louis Pasteur
A Scottish physician and microbiologist best known for discovering the enzyme lysozyme and the world’s first broadly effective antibiotic substance which he named penicillin.
Alexander Flemming
German physician and scientist who worked in the fields of hematology, immunology, and antimicrobial chemotherapy.
Paul Ehrlich
Among his foremost achievements were finding a cure for syphilis in 1909 and inventing the precursor technique to Gram staining bacteria.
Paul Ehrlich
is a bacterial infection usually spread by sexual contact. The disease starts as a painless sore — typically on your genitals, rectum or mouth. Syphilis spreads from person to person via skin or mucous membrane contact with these sores.
Syphilis
A process that kills “all forms” of microbial life including bacterial spores.
destruction of all forms of life.
Sterilization
Physical Methods (Sterilization) (5)
Incineration
Moist heat (steam under pressure)
Dry heat
Filtration
Ionizing radiation
Chemical Methods (Sterilization) (4)
Ethylene Oxide
Formaldehyde Vapor and Vapor Phase H2O2
Glutaraldehyde
Peracetic Acid
Most common method of treating infectious waste.
Safest method
Temperature: 870°C to 980°C
INCINERATION
act that bans incineration in the PH
Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 and the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000.
Sterilize biohazardous trash and heat-stable object.
Machine needed: “Autoclave” - culture media, liquids, utensils, glass, pipettes, instruments.
Biological indicator: Bacillus stearothermophilus vials incubated at 56’C.
MOIST HEAT:
Longer exposure times and higher temperature than moist heat
Sterilize items such as glass wares, oil, or powders.
Biological indicator: Bacillus subtilis (laboratory contaminant)
DRY HEAT
Method of choice for antibiotic solutions, toxic chemicals, radioisotopes, vaccines and carbohydrates, which are all “heat sensitive”.
FILTRATION
Sterilizing disposables (e.g. plastic syringes, catheters, or gloves before use).
IONIZING
