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INT D 280 - DONE > Lesson 4: Bodies at Altitude > Flashcards

Lesson 4: Bodies at Altitude Flashcards

1
Q

Video:

What did Dr. Phillip Ainslie say about the proportion of climbers to get mountain sickness?

A

50-60% suffer from AMS (acute mountain sickness)

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2
Q

Video:

Who is Evangelista Torricelli?

A

He invented the mercury barometer to measure atmospheric/barometric pressure.

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3
Q

Why do humans need oxygen?

A

To provide fuel for a series of reaction that convert glucose/sugar to useable energy

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4
Q

What is hemoglobin?

A
  • A protein found in red blood cells that facilitates the transport of oxygen.
  • Consists of 4 protein molecules, each of which can carry an Oxygen molecule.
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5
Q

How much of the oxygen in our blood does hemoglobin transport in comparison to plasma?

A

Hemoglobin: 97%
Plasma: 3%

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6
Q

What is Oxygen saturation?

A
  • The % of hemoglobin protein molecules that have oxygen attached to them.
  • At sea level, even during strenuous activity, amount of O2 saturation is 100% (declines with altitude)
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7
Q

Recall: What is atmospheric pressure?

A

Pressure exerted by weight of air in the atmosphere.

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8
Q

In 1648, Blaise Pascal conducted an experiment to test…?

A

The hypothesis that atmospheric pressure decreased with altitude on the Puy-de-Dome Mountain in France.

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9
Q

Air at sea level and on mountain summits is comprised of ~ ___% N and ___% O2.

A

78% and 21%

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10
Q

Briefly describe the respiratory system?

A

Alveoli in lungs -> diffusion -> bloodstream to oxygenate other tissues -> CO2 exhaled through diffusion (concentration gradient)

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11
Q

What are the 2 properties that determine the rate at which )2 diffuses into blood?

A
  1. The surface area of the tissue across which diffusion occurs (SA of alveoli consistently high)
  2. The concentration gradient (oxygen diffusion depends mostly on this)
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12
Q

The concentration gradient of a gas, is determined by the difference in its partial pressure between locations. Describe partial pressure.

A
  • The partial pressue of O2 in air is proportional to total atmospheric pressure, which is reduced at high altitudes.
  • Partial pressure of O2 in the venous blood returning to, or entering, lungs is relatively similar at sea level and at higher altitudes
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13
Q

What does the smaller difference in the partial pressures of oxygen between the lungs and blood at higher altitudes mean?

A
  • Means concentration gradient of oxygen between the lungs and blood is reduced at higher altitudes because there is a smaller difference in the partial pressures of oxygen.
  • Decreased atmospheric pressure, therefore, reduces oxygen uptake
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14
Q

What is Hypoxia?

A

The condition when tissues are deprived of O2 at high altitudes where the rate of diffusion of O2 into blood is slower

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15
Q

What is the tidal volume?

A
  • During normal respiration the amount of air that is moved in and out of the lungs in each breath.
  • Average tidal volume of an adult is ~500 mL, but only 70% reaches the alveoli to deliver oxygen to the bloodstream
  • 30 is called dead space
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16
Q

What are 2 ways to increase O2 intake?

A
  1. breathing deeper, increasing tidal volume
  2. hyperventilation, which increases air intake (not as effective)
    - Dead space is fixed volume
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17
Q

Increases heart rate is a rapid response to low O2 conditions. How does it help?

A
  • Increases heart rate increases the amount of blood pumped through the body in a given amount of time, and increases the amount of blood passing the alveoli in the lungs. Thus, more oxygen is circulates.
  • Increases blood flow can compensate for lower amount of oxygen in blood
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18
Q

Video:
Capacity to do work decline at higher elevations and may be suppressed even more in individuals who have breathing conditions such as asthma. Give an ex.

A

At the lookout atop Mount Evans in Colorado, at 4,300 m above sea level, capacity to work is reduced by almost 25%

19
Q

What happens beyond 8000 m?

A
  • This is referred to as the death zone

- Amount of O2 is considered insufficient for humans to acclimatise and survive

20
Q

Low O2 levels also influence the autonomic nervous system which regulates…?

A

Body functions, such as the heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate, pupillary response, and urination.

21
Q

Video:

What are some early descriptions of Hypoxia?

A
  • 1st accounts in Chinese txts in 1st century
  • Marco Polo documented these ‘headache mountains’ at end of 13th century
  • 1800s, ballooning
22
Q

Video:

Give examples of scientists that studied with ballooning.

A
  • 2 scientists, James Glasher and Henry Tracey Coxwell, ascended >8000 m in <1hr (only 14 mountains with altitudes >8000 m)
  • 1875, 3 scientists boarded Xenith (French balloon), ascended 8600 m in 1 hr. 2 died, 1 left partially deaf
23
Q

How common is Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS)?

A

Most people are not affected <2500 m, but 1 in 4 people who travel >2500 m experience it.

24
Q

What are symptoms of AMS?

A

Headache (most common), fatigue, loss of appetite nausea, dizziness, inability to sleep, and vomiting.

25
Q

Video:

At >3000 m, ~ ___% of people experience at least a mild form of AMS.

A

75%

26
Q

Video:

What is a good rule of thumb to avoid AMS?

A
  • Increase the elevation you sleep by 300-500 m per day
  • rest day with no altitude gain for every 1000 m of ascent
  • avoid depressants such as alcohol that suppress breathing rate
27
Q

What drug can prevent AMS and how?

A
  • Acetazolamide
  • speeds up breathing rate
  • Side effects: pins and needles, sun-burning, diuretic
28
Q

Edema is a condition in which excess fluid accumulates in body tissues. What are 2 examples?

A
  1. High Altitude Cerebral Edema (HACE), fluid accumulates in brain
  2. High Altitude Pulmonary Edema (HAPE), fluid accumulates in lungs
29
Q

Over ___ million people live at altitudes above ___ m.

A

140 million

2500 m

30
Q

What are some adaptations of people whose ancestors have permanently lives at high altitudes?

A
  • Increased lung volume
  • The ability to carry more O2 in each red blood cell
  • Increased blood vessel diameter
  • Faster and deeper breathing
31
Q

What are some adaptations of the Andean highlanders in SA?

A

They have developed an ability to carry more O2 due to an increased number of red blood cells and increased concentration of hemoglobin.

32
Q

What are some adaptations of the Tibetan highlanders?

A
  • They have red blood cell and hemoglobin concentrations similar to that of lowlanders
  • Breathe faster and more deeply and have increased blood vessel diameter
33
Q

What are some adaptations of the Ethiopian Highlanders?

A
  • Not sure

- May have genetic adaptation that improves cardiac tolerance to hypoxia, Gene called Endothelin receptor type-B

34
Q

What is CMS?

A
  • Chronic Mountain Sickness
  • Affects people who lived at high altitudes for many yrs and is likely caused by increased production of red blood cells (blood viscous and sticky and heart has to work harder to pump)
  • Symptoms are improved my descending to lower altitudes and blood letting
35
Q

Several international research centres allow scientists to conduct studies on climate, the environment, geology, and human physiology. What are some ex of these field stations?

A
  • Pyrimid Intern. Lab/Observatory high altitude research center (5050 m in Khumbu Valley, Nepal)
  • Jungfraujock High Altitude Research Station (3450 m in Swiss Alps)
  • Barcroft Station (3800 m in White Mountains in California)
  • Mount Chacaltaya Laboratory (5270 m in Bolivian Andes)
36
Q

In Canada, some incredible pioneering high altitude physiological studies were conducted during 1960s and 1970s on 5280 m summit plateau of Mount Logan (Kluane National Park, Yukon). Describe.

A
  • Dr. Charles Houston and his colleagues
  • 1st to identify High Altitude Pulmonary Edema and High Altitude Retinal Hemorrhages, and unusual pathology of the retina
37
Q

Geography exercise:

Lesson 4?

A
  • Puy-de-Dome Mountain (Central France)
  • Mount Evans (SW of Idaho Springs and W of Denver, Colorado, USA)
  • Mount Everest (Nepal and China)
  • Mount Chacaltaya (Cordillera Real, SA Andes, Bolivia)
  • Mount Logan (SW Yukon)

Others:

  • Ethiopian Highlands (E Africa)
  • Khumbu Valley (NE Nepal, near Mt. Everest)
  • Swiss Alps (Central Europe)
  • White Mountains (CA, W USA)
38
Q 
Tech tip (Matt Peter &amp; Laura Redmond):
What do the colours represent on maps?
A 
Green: Below tree line
White: Above tree line
Blue, blue border: Lakes
Blue, no border: Glaciers
Blue border colour: rivers
39
Q 
Tech tip (Matt Peter &amp; Laura Redmond):
What is the Datum of the map?
A

When the map was surveyed?

40
Q 
Tech tip (Matt Peter &amp; Laura Redmond):
What is the declination on a map?
A

Shows how to compensate for the difference between map N and magnetic N

41
Q 
Tech tip (Matt Peter &amp; Laura Redmond):
What do you need to calculate trip time?
A
  1. Distance
  2. Elevation gains and losses
  3. Terrain
42
Q 
Tech tip (Matt Peter &amp; Laura Redmond):
What are some adjustments needed to calculate trip time?
A
  • Good trail: 5 km/hr
  • Rough trail: 3 km/hr
  • Off trial: 1-2 km/hr
  • +300 m elevation gain = add 1 hr
43
Q

Guest Lecture:

What did Physiologist Craig Steinback discuss in his “Spotlight on Fieldwork” lecture?

A

A glimpse into his recent research trip to the Khumbu Valley in Nepal as part of an international high-altitude physiology project.

INT D 280 - DONE (12 decks)

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