Chapter 11: Use and Preservation Flashcards
What % of the global pop. lives in mtns?
10-12% (Roughly 880 mil people)
Mostly developing and transitional countries:
I.e. Nepal, Puru, India, China
___ the world’s mtn pop. is located in Asia, followed by SA and Cen. A
1/2
What affects does migrations to lower altitudes to seek employments have?
- alleviates pop. pressure on scarce resources
- generate additional income
- divided families
- added pressure on those who remain
In the economically developed mountain regions of Europe and NA, many people now enjoy a relatively high standard of living. But this is relatively recent. What caused the shift?
The shift is attributed in part to the development of roads, railways, and air links, which facilitated new flows of people and capital into mountains, simulating new opportunities and diversifying livelihoods.
Traditional use:
It is over the past ___ yrs with industrialization, globalization, commercialism, tourism, that diversity of mountain livelihoods developed.
400 yrs
Traditional use:
Subsidence hunting and gathering has largely declined as a widespread practice; what pockets still exist?
Mountains people of Kalimantan, Borneo, Indonesia.
Traditional use:
All aspects of mining (from exploration and prospecting to extraction, processing and transport) have occupied mtn residents and many more outsiders since Palaeolithic times. What did these early ppl do?
Paleolithic: early peoples tapped mountains for tools, building supplies, ornaments, pigments and salts.
Traditional use:
Mtns offer…
Ores, coal, stone, gravel, and sand, gems, precious stones, and rock and evaporative salt.
Traditional use:
What lakes have long been sources of evaporative salt (preserve and flavour food since ancient times)?
Alkaline lakes, N of Himalaya and in Atacama Desert of Andes
Traditional use:
What are the benefits and pitfalls of mining?
Pitfalls: boom and bust nature, exploitation of first nations
Benefits: Mostly to large corporations
Traditional use:
Mining is an agent of large-scale environmental change. Give examples.
E.g. Cerro Rico is Bolivia; silver mining, thought to be 100s of m higher before 16th century
E.g. Other mountains have been replaced by deep pits, E.g. such as world’s largest copper mines, i.e. Bingham Canyon, Utah (I km deep and 5 km wide)
E.g. Appalachians, permits for mountain top removal mining of coal extend across 1600 km^2
Traditional use:
Industrial scale gold and silver mining in Andes dates back to…?
15th century Incas and continued through Spanish colonial period and has expanded in present under multi-national corporations for extraction of industrial minerals like copper, zinc, tin
Traditional use:
In NA, what was the principle industrial activity that brought settlers to the W mountains in late 19th and early 20th century?
Mining.
Starting even earlier, coal mining in Appalachian helped create and support unique cultures there
Traditional use:
Mountain forests remain key sources of…?
Fuel, timber, and paper products globally.
Traditional use:
Forestry practices in the 20th century where (and are) a focal point for the struggles for Indigenous rights and the need for co-management of forests in mtns. Give examples of protests.
E.g. Prior to colonial expansion and independence, many mountain people around the world held custom forest use rights (but were swept aside with colonial and national land administrations), especially case in Himalaya and NA Cordillera (vast forests became crown or state land, highlighted by protests in second half of 20th century.)
-Chipko in Garhwal Himalaya, and Clayoquot Sound In coastal mountains of Vancouver Island
Traditional use:
Plant domestication originates independently in several mountain regions around the world. Farmers have developed specific techniques, institutions, and knowledge that enables them to make a living in mtn environments. Give examples.
E.g. Mountains of Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador were important for potatoes, grains like quinoa and several drugs (Cocaine, quinine and tobacco)
E.g. Foothills of Zagros mountains in Iran, arceobotanical evidence suggests the use of wide array of plant species including progenitors of crecok? plants, such as wheat, barley, large seeded legumes (nearly 10 thousand yrs ago)
Traditional use:
For centuries, family farming in Bolivia, Puru, Ecuador, have relied on grains such as quinoa, Kenia?, and amaranth, which can survive in harsh conditions, yet have high levels of protein and micronutrients. What has happened?
People have been paying more attention to them. In some SA mountain communities, quinoa now accounts for more than 80% of the family farms agriculture income.
Traditional use:
Mountains and highlands in E Africa have tremendous potential as farming area, because rainfall is higher and more reliable than in lowlands and soil is generally fertile. Have traditionally produced for subsistence, but in late colonial times, and especially after independence in the 1960s, they increasingly produced crops such as…?
Barley, wheat, coffee, and tea.
