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Biology 1st Quarter > Lesson 4: Animal and Plant Tissues > Flashcards

Lesson 4: Animal and Plant Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

individual cells arranged into groups that function collectively

A

tissues

composed of similar cells performing the same funcions

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2
Q

Tissues in turn are combined into?

A

organs

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3
Q

organs are combined into?

A

organ systems

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4
Q

Animal tissues are generally classified into four types:

A
  1. epithelial
  2. connective
  3. muscular
  4. nervous
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5
Q
  • consist of sheets of cells that cover organisms and their organs
  • also form glands that synthesize secretory products for discharge into their environment
A

epithelial tissues

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6
Q

examples of glands formed by epithelial tissues:

A
  • sebaceous glands
  • salivary glands
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7
Q

all epithelial tissue usualy adhere tightly to the similar cells on either side of them througj cell-to-cell juntions called

A

tight junctions

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8
Q

seals off a tissue from adjacent open spaces and prevent the entrance of disease-causing microorganisms

A

tight junctions

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9
Q

epithelial tissues can be classified according to :

A
  1. number of cell layers (simple or stratified)
  2. cell shape (squamous, cuboidal, columnar)
  3. surface specialization (cilia, keratin, goblet, or brush border
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10
Q

Types of Epithelial Tissues in Terms of their Structure:

A
  1. Simple epithelium
  2. Stratified epithelium
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11
Q

is made up of only one layer of cells, and according to cell shape, can be squamous, cuboidal or columnar

A

Simple epithelium

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12
Q

is made of more than one layer of cells. According to the shape of its top-most layer, this can be classified as squamous, cuboidal, columnar, transitional, or pseudostratified

A

stratified epithelium

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13
Q

they connect and bind parts together just like the Achillles tendons found in your legs

A

Connective Tissues

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14
Q

examples of connective tissues that we often encounter while eating chicken are

A

ligaments and tendons

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15
Q

tissue that usually bind a muscle to a bone

A

tendons

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16
Q

tissues that connect a bone to another bone

A

ligaments

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17
Q

its most common types are the areolar tissue, fibrous tissue, adipose tissue, bone, cartilage and blood

A

connective tissue

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18
Q

is considered a supportive tissue since its primary function is to supply the body with nutrients and gases it needs

A

Blood

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19
Q

types of connective tissues:

A
  1. collagenous
  2. reticular
  3. elastic
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20
Q

is predominantly made up of type I collagen

A

collagenous connective tissue

e.g. dense regular connective tissues in the tendons, and dense irregular connective tssues in periosteum

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21
Q
  • primarily formed by type III collagen, a protein found in bones and cartilage,
  • is commonly found as a supportive framework of hematopoietic and lymphold organs
A

reticular connective tissue

e.g. adipose tissue, baal lamina, animal stroma of glandular organs

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22
Q

primarily formed by type II collagen, a component of joint cartilage, contains retractile fibers with elastin

A

elastic connective tissue

not easily visualized unless it is stained. Found in the bronchi, trachea, blood vessels, and hollow organs

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23
Q

Forms the body and also helps the bones in body movement

A

Muscle or muscular tissue

24
Q

different kinds of muscular tissues:

A
  1. skeletal
  2. smooth
  3. cardiac
25
Q

Muscles can be grouped into two:

A

voluntary and involuntary

26
Q

are muscles that can be controlled by the nervous system

A

voluntary muscles

skeletal muscles attached to the bones are voluntary muscles. They only move at our will.

27
Q

muscles that are beyond the control of the nervous system

A

involuntary muscles

e.g. muscles of the digestive tube and the heart

28
Q

type of muscular tissues

are made up of very long, cylindrical, multi-nucleated cells capable of quick and forceful contractions that are usually voluntary

A

Skeletal muscles

interactions of the thin and thick fillaments make it possible for them to slide through each other during contraction

29
Q

type of muscular tissues

  • are composed of elongated branched individual cells that are configured parallel to each other
  • capable of involuntary, vigorous, and rhythmic contractions
A

cardiac muscles

30
Q

tyoe of muscular tissues

  • are collections of cells that do not show cross-striations
  • largest at their midpoints and taper toward their ends
  • contraction process is slow and involuntary
A

smooth muscle

e.g. digestive tube

31
Q

comprised of cells that are specialized for the reception and conduction of impulses

A

nervous tissues

usually found in the brain & spinal cord except for cytoplasmic extensions like axons

32
Q

individual cells of the brain and the spinal cord

A

neurons or nerve cells

33
Q

types of neurons according to functions:

A
  1. sensory
  2. motor
  3. interneurons
34
Q

carry information obtained from the interior of the body and the environment to the CNS (central nervous system)

A

sensory neurons

35
Q

carry impulses from the CNS to the effector organs commanded by these centers

A

motor neurons

36
Q

are found only in the CNS, connect one neuron to another.

A

Interneurons

37
Q

Plant tissues can be classified based on origin:

A
  1. meristematic or embryonic
  2. non-merismatic or permanent
38
Q
  • these tissues are mostly located at the tips of roots and shoots of plants – where cells actively divide
  • they are responsible for the production of more cells
A

merismatic or embryonic tissiue

new cells formed are typically small, each with a proportionately large nucleus at the center and tiny vacuoles or no vacuoles at all

39
Q

found at the tips of shoots and roots which increase in length and produce new cells

A

apical meristems

40
Q

found at the vicinity of nodes which occurs at intervals along stems

A

intercalary meristems

they also increase the length of stems

41
Q

increase the girth or diameter of plants. they are also found along the sides of some roots and stems.

A

lateral meristems

42
Q

these are tissues formerly derived from meristems but have already assumed various shapes and sizes related to their specific functions as they develop and mature.

A

non-meristematic or permanent tissues

usuaally non-dividing with few exceptions

43
Q

kinds of non-meristematic tissues:

A
  1. surface
  2. fundamental
  3. vascular
44
Q

serve as the outermost covering in plants

A

surface tissues

45
Q

two types of surface tissues:

A
  1. epidermis
  2. periderm
46
Q
  • the outermost layer of cells of all young plant organs
  • one-celled, thick, and may have several layers in some.
47
Q
  • functions for added protection and usually found in mature plants
  • consists of sevral layers of dead cells impregnated with suberin or waxy substance when mature found in bark of trees.
48
Q

are designed to give support and strength to the plant

A

fundamental tissues

49
Q

the most abundant of all the cell types and found in almost major parts of higher plants

A

parenchyma

  • cells are more or less spherical in shape when newly produced
  • they push against each other when they mature and their thin pliable cells are flattened at points of contact
50
Q

composed of uneven thick-walled cells. they often occur just beneath the epidermis.

A

collenchyma

51
Q
  • characterized by cells with thick and tough cell wall.
  • these are normally impreganated with lignin
  • dead at maturity and function for support
A

sclerenchyma

commonly found in pears and chicos (also known as “stone cells”)

52
Q

are involved in the transport of substances in the body of the plants

A

vascular tissues

53
Q

types of vascular tissues:

A
  1. xylem
  2. phloem
54
Q

functions for conducting water and
minerals in the plant upward

55
Q

which function for translocating food materials to all the growing parts of the plants and roots

56
Q

+

sample tissues or cells from plants are isolated and grown aritificially in specific culture media

A

plant tissue culture (micropropagation)

Biology 1st Quarter (6 decks)

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