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biology 1st quarter > Lesson 3: Cell Structures and Functions > Flashcards

Lesson 3: Cell Structures and Functions Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

is reflected in the different shape and sizes of cells

A

cellular diversity

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2
Q

what happens when the cell grows bigger?

A

its surface area becomes too small to maintain its life functions

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3
Q

two types of cells that differ in internal organizations:

A
  1. prokaryotic cells
  2. eukaryotic cells
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4
Q

lack a nuclear envelope and membrane-bound organelles

A

prokaryotic cells

e.g. bacterial cells

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5
Q
  • are generally larger and have very distinct nuclei that are clearly surrounded by nuclear membranes
  • they also have numerous membrane-bound organelles found in the cytoplasm
A

eukaryotic cells

e.g. protists, plants, fungi, animals

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6
Q

why is cell division in eukaryotic cells comparatively different from that of prokaryotic cells?

A

because of the intricate organization of the DNA in eukaryotic cells

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7
Q

is the most common type of cell division in eukaryotes

A

mitosis

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8
Q

type of cell division found in prokaryotes

A

binary fission

simpler compared to mitosis

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9
Q

why are secretory cells located in glands expected to have more ribosomes, Golgi bodies, and ER?

A

Because they work hard in secreting the materials that the cells need

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10
Q

prokaryotic cells

a sticky outer layer that provides protection

A

capsule

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11
Q

prokaryotic cells

a structure that confers rigidity and shape to the cell

A

cell wall

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12
Q

prokaryotic cells

a structure that serves as permeability barrier

A

plasma membrane

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13
Q

prokaryotic cells

a genetic material

A

plasmid

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14
Q

prokaryotic cells

a DNA-containing region within the cytoplasm

A

nucleoid

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15
Q

prokaryotic cells

region where chromosomes (DNA), ribosomes and various inclusions are found

A

cytoplasm

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16
Q

prokaryotic cells

the site where protein is synthesized

A

ribosome

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17
Q

prokaryotic cells

a hair-like appendage that functions in adhesion

A

pilus (plural,pili)

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18
Q

prokaryotic cells

facilitates movement of bacteria

A

flagellum

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19
Q

eukaryotic cells have three main parts:

A
  1. cell membrane
  2. cytoplasm
  3. nucleus
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20
Q

sometimes called the plasma membrane, it is the outemost covering of animal cells

A

cell membrane

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21
Q

describes the cell membrane as a phospholipid bilayer sandwiched by a coat of protein on either surface

A

Davson-Danielli model

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22
Q
  • now the widely accepted model
  • decribes the plasma membrane as a mosaic of of protein that are embedded or attached to a fluid bilayer of lipid
A

Singer-Nicolson model or fluid mosaic model

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23
Q
  • it regulates the substances that enter and exit the cell
  • serves as a solvent for integral membrane proteins that run across the lipid bilayer
A

cell membrane

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24
Q
  • all the materials in the cell that surround the nucleus
  • ground substance and the biggest part of the cell where organelles are found
A

cytoplasm

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25
Q

is a network of intercommunicating channels in the cytoplasm

A

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

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26
Q

two types of ER:

A
  • rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
  • smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
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27
Q
  • plays a role in the production of protein
  • there are ribosomes attached on its surface
A

rough ER

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28
Q
  • plays a role in manufacture and metabolism of lipids
  • is more tubular and non-granular structure due to absence of ribosomes
A

smooth ER

has a role in the biosynthesis of steroid hormones

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29
Q
  • is composed of sets of cisternae and numerous vesicles
  • processing, packaging and sorting of secretory materials
A

Golgi apparatus

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30
Q

fill in the blank

after protein is synthesized by the 1. ____, it passes into the channel of the 2. ________ and moves into the fluid-filled sacs of the 3._______

A
  1. ribosomes
  2. ER
  3. Golgi apparatus
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31
Q

contains enzymes that help in the chemical oxidation of food molecules and produces energy in the form of ATP

A

mitochondrion

plural, mitochondria

32
Q

prominent parts of the mitochondrion

A

crista (plural, cristae) and matrix

33
Q

are numerous folds of the inner membrane of the mitochondrion

A

cristae

34
Q

is the space inside the inner membrane of the mitochondrion

A

matrix

35
Q

why do liver cells have more mitochondria compared to skin cells?

A

because liver cells are active most of the time compared to skin cells which are less active

36
Q

contain a number of enzymes for intracellular digestion

A

lysosomes

  • contains around 40 kinds of enzymes that help digest food, disease-causing bacteria engulfed by wbc, and worn-out and broken parts of the cell
37
Q
  • large, dense granules with membranes
  • these fuse with the cell membrane to secrete substances
A

secretory granules

38
Q

store fatty acids and sterols

A

lipid droplets

39
Q

what happens when lipid droplets are stained with osmium tetroxide?

A

they appear as black spherical bodies

40
Q

are non-membraneous substances and structures suspended in the cytoplasm with varying funtions

A

cytoplasmic inclusions

41
Q
  • site where proteins are made
  • most numerous of all cytoplasmic structures
A

ribosomes

42
Q

proteins that will be exported outside of the cell are produce by?

A

bound ribosomes

ribosomes attached to the ER

43
Q

proteins that are needed by the cell itself are produced by?

A

free ribosomes

float freely in the cytoplasm

44
Q

what central role in cell division does the centriole play?

A

where it participates in the formation of the mitotic spindle

45
Q

composed of nine groups of parallel subunits arranged in a longitudinal fashion

A

centriole

46
Q

is a structure that helps cells maintain their shape and internal organization

note: not in the book

A

cytoskeleton

47
Q

together they form the cytoskeleton:

A

microtubules and microfilaments

48
Q
  • composed of linear polymers of tubulin
  • forms the spindle apparatus that appears in cell division
A

microtubules

49
Q

support the cell to maintain its structure and shape as it provides resliency against forces that can altar the shape

A

microfilaments

50
Q

are examples of microfilaments that aid in the movement of chromosomes during cell division

A

spindle fibers

51
Q

abundant in liver cells, play an important role in the glucose cycle

A

glycogen granules

52
Q

do not require staining by dyes because they already posses their own color

A

pigments

53
Q
  • site where nucleic acids are synthesized
  • directs all the activities of the cell
  • storage of heriditary factors
A

nucleus

54
Q

the nucleus is the source of the molecule responsible for various cellular functions such as genetic coding and expression

A

ribonucleic acid (RNA)

55
Q

two layered outer limit of the nucleus separating it from the cytoplasm

A

nuclear membrane

56
Q

dense protein rich substance inside the the nucleus

A

nucleoplasm

57
Q
  • it is suspended in the nucleoplasm
  • resposible for ribosome formation
A

nucleolus

58
Q

familiarize only:

what is being transcribed and assembled in the nucleoulus?

A

rRNA

59
Q

act as selective channels between the cytoplasm and the inside of the nucleus, selectively allowing molecules which contain the correct localization signal to pass in and out

A

nuclear pores

can be seen in the nuclear envelope

60
Q

made up of DNA and proteins and forms chromosomes during cell division

A

chromatin

found inside the nucleus

61
Q

contain the genes inherited by the offspring from their parents

A

chromosomes

62
Q

structures that are found in plant cells only:

A
  1. cell wall
  2. water vacuoles
  3. plastids
63
Q

outermost rigid covering of plant cells

A

cell wall

provide strength and rigidity to the cell

64
Q

the cell wall is primarily composed of?

A

cellulose

65
Q

two types of cell walls

A

primary and secondary wall

with a lamella sandwiched in between - middle lamella

66
Q

is the first to form, particularly during the growth period of the cell

a type of cell wall

A

primary wall

67
Q

when formed, expansion in cell size can no longer be expected

A

secondary wall

68
Q
  • are larger and more centrally located in plant cells
  • store enzymes and waste products
A

water vacuoles

69
Q

familiarize only:

in mature plant cells, it could occupy 90% of the volume

A

water vacuoles

70
Q

familiarize only:

in what form can waste materials inside the vacuoles be in?

A

in the form of posionous substances that needs to be isolated

e.g. cyanide

71
Q

carry out photosynthetic function in plants

A

plastids

72
Q

example of plastids:

A
  1. chloroplasts
  2. chromoplasts
  3. leucoplasts
73
Q

contain chlorophyll which is designed to absorb sunlight in the initial step of photosynthesis

A

chloroplasts

74
Q

synthesize and store pigments such as yellow, carotene, xanthophylls, and various red pigments

A

chromoplasts

75
Q
  • colorless
  • store food such as starches, lipids and proteins
  • found in storage organs
A

leucoplasts

biology 1st quarter (6 decks)

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