LESSON 4 Flashcards
Any distinguishable, relatively enduring way in which one individual varies from another
Ex: Extroversion, Conscientiousness (organized and responsible), Agreeableness, Neuroticism, Creativity
Trait
An informed scientific concept developed or constructed to describe or explain behavior
- Can be measured
Ex: Intelligence, self-efficacy, Self-esteem, Emotional intelligence, Academic achievement, Resilience
Construct
Refers to an observable action or the product of an observable auction, including test or assessment-related responses
Ex: Nonverbal cues (facial expressions), Physical movement, speed and accuracy, interactions
Overt behavior
The process of selecting a sample of behaviors or test items that represent the broader construct being measured.
-It refer to either (1) sample of behavior from all possible behaviors that could be indicative or particular construct
Domain sampling
Any distinguishable less enduring way in which obe individual varies from another
Ex: Fatigue, Jealousy, Relaxation, stress, anxiety, excitement
State
“the objective of the test is to
provide some indication of other aspects of the examinee’s
behavior, not to predict the future test-related behavior (e.g. grid blackening or key-pressing)
Assumption 3: Test related Behavior predicts Non-test Related Behavior
You should understand
- how a test was developed,
- the circumstances under which it is appropriate to administer the test,
- how the test should be administered and to whom, and
- how the the test results should be interpreted
Assumption 4: Tests and other Measurement Techniques have strengths and Weaknesses
Refer to a long standing assumption that Factors other than what a test attempts to measure will influence performance on the test
Error
The component of a test score attribute to sources other than trait or ability measured
- External factors, personal factors (fatigue), inconsistent evaluator, test construction (items,etc.)
Error variance
Also known as a true score theory, is an assumption that each test taker has a true score on a test that would be obtained but for the action of the measurement error
Classical test theory (CTT)
generally, all major test
publishers strive to develop
instruments that are fair when
used in strict accordance with
guidelines in the test manual
- administration and scoring should follow the ____ guidelines to maintain fairness
Assumption 6: Testing and Assessment can be conducted in a fair and unbiased manner
test manual
Assumptions (7)
Assumption 1: Psychological traits and states exist
Assumption 2: Psychological traits can be quantified
Assumption 3: Test-related behavior predicts non-test related behavior
Assumption 4: Test and other Measurement Techniques have strengths and Weaknesses
Assumption 5: Various sources of error are part of the assessment process
Assumption 6: Testing and measurement can be conducted in a fair and unbiased manner
Assessment 7: Testing and assumption benefit society
A method of evaluation and a way of deriving meaning from test scores by evaluating and individual testtaker scores and comparing it to scores of a group of testtakers
- To determine where an individual score ranks relative to other (compare individual performance)
Norm-referenced testing and assessment
included in the test manual which consist of descriptive statistics based on a group of testtakers in a given period of time rather than norms obtained by formal sampling methods
User norms or program norms
refer to the process of deriving norm (process of establishing norms for a psychological test by administering it to a representative sample)
Norming
group of people whose performance on a particular
test is analyzed for reference in evaluating the performance of individual testtaker
Normative sample
the test performance data of a particular group of testtakers that are designed for use as a reference when evaluating or
interpreting individual test score
- Baseline or reference point to interpret an individual test results
Norms
refers to the process of
administering a test to a
representative sample of test
takers for the purose of ESTABLISHING norms
Standardization
may be defined as a method of evaluation and a way of deriving meaning from test scores by evaluating individual’s score with reference to a set standard (____ – a standard on which judgment or decision may be based
Criterion referenced testing and assessment
Criterion
it provides a normative information with respect
to the local population’s performance on some
test
Local norms
type of norm where the normative sample are
segmented by any criteria initially used in selecting subjects for the sample
Subgroup Norms
derived from a normative sample that was nationally representative of the population at the time the norming study was conducted
National norms
• Age Norms and Grade Norms
• a term applied broadly to norms developed on the basis of any trait, ability, skill, or other characteristic that is presumed to develop, deteriorate, or otherwise be affected by
chronological age, school grade or stage life
Developmental norms
• designed to indicate the average test performance of testtaker in a given school grade
• it is developed by administering the test to
representative samples of children over a range of consecutive grade levels
Grade norms
