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PHILOSOPHY > LESSON 4 > Flashcards

LESSON 4 Flashcards

1
Q

is the truth based on reasoning and critical thinking. It includes analysis and construction of
arguments. It serves as path to freedom from half-truths and deception.

A

LOGIC

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2
Q

General idea comes first before the specific or particular idea. Conclusion is Fact

A

Deductive Reasoning

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3
Q

This is the opposite of the deductive reasoning because idea comes first before the general idea. Conclusion may not be 100% guaranteed.

A

Inductive Reasoning

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4
Q

is a philosophy acclaiming the freedom of the individual human being. It is all about the freedom of a person. It emphasizes the importance of free individual choice, regardless of the power of other people to influence and coerce our desires, beliefs, and decisions.

A

Existentialism

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5
Q

it is the belief that to some significant degree, philosophical problems, puzzles, and errors are rooted in language and can be solved or avoided by a sound understanding of language. It is about having clear language.

A

ANALYTIC TRADITION

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6
Q

is the careful inspection and description of phenomena or appearance. No references
on explaining in this method but it requires experience. It is scientific study of the essential structure of consciousness. The focus here is the experience of a person.

A

Phenomenology

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7
Q

is the clear awareness of and understanding something

A

knowledge

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8
Q

are propositions or statements which are observed to be real or truthful and contains ideas or information that are easily verifiable.

A

facts

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9
Q

are statements that are not evidently known to be true, further examination is required to establish whether it is true or false.

A

claims

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10
Q

in science is something observable and empirical. Therefore, it can be proven by verification and experimentation.

A

truth

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11
Q

The process employed to determine the truth, every statement, claim evidence is
scrutinized and analyzed.

A

systematic doubt

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12
Q

A subjective belief or judgement about a particular matter. These also provide a basis for making arguments and convincing people that a certain claim is a fact.

A

opinions

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13
Q

judgement based on certain facts

A

conclusion

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14
Q

statements that expresses conviction that are not easily and clearly explained by facts.

A

beliefs

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15
Q

statements that assume the claim to be true and provide reasons why the statement is true.

A

explanations

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16
Q

series of statements that provide reasons to convince the reader or listener that a claim or
opinion is truthful.

A

arguments

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17
Q

Arguments often take the form of statements that are either claims or facts and are phrased in such a way that they seem reasonable. However, several arguments maybe based on faulty reasoning. This kind of arguments
are called

A

fallacies

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18
Q

is a pattern of reasoning rendered invalid by a flaw in its logical structure. The source of
the error is in the form of the argument The argument itself could have true premises, but still have a false conclusion.

A

formal fallacy

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19
Q

are a type of incorrect argument in natural language, The source of the error is not
just due to the form of the argument as is the case for formal fallacies but can also be due to
their content and context.

A

informal fallacy

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20
Q

also known as attacking the person, fallacies occur when acceptance or rejection of a concept is rejected based on its source, not its merit.

A

ad hominem

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21
Q

you accept a truth on blind faith just because someone you admire said it.

A

appeal to authority

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22
Q

occurs when someone asserts a claim that must be accepted because no one else can prove otherwise.

A

appeal to ignorance

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23
Q

occurs when someone is only given two choices for possible alternatives when more than two exist.

A

false dilemma

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24
Q

Type of informal generalization assumes based on a small sample.

A

hasty generalization

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25
Q

when someone assumes a very small action will lead to extreme outcomes.

A

slippery slope

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26
Q

This fallacy occurs when someone seeks to gain acceptance by pointing out an unfortunate consequence that befalls them.

A

appeal to pity

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27
Q

fallacy occurs when a proposition is claimed to be true or good solely because many
people believe it to be so.

A

bandwagon

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28
Q

you assume about two things that are alike. Because they are alike in one respect, it is
assumed they are alike in another.

A

false analogy

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29
Q

occurs when someone uses irrelevant information to distract from the argument

A

red herring

30
Q

arguing that, because something is so incredible or amazing, it must be the result of superior, divine, alien, or paranormal agency.

A

divine fallacy

31
Q

assuming that something true of part of a whole must also be true of the whole.

A

Fallacy of composition

32
Q

This fallacy is often used rhetorically so that the question limits direct replies to those
that serve the questioner’s agenda.

A

loaded question

33
Q

is the incorrect belief that, if a particular event occurs more frequently than normal during the past, it is less likely to happen in the future (or vice versa).

A

Gambler’s fallacy

34
Q

a conclusion supported solely because it has long been held to be true.

A

appeal to tradition

35
Q

just because there is no evidence presented against something, that doesn’t automatically make that thing true.

A

burden of proof

36
Q

manipulating the emotions of the listener rather than using valid reasoning to obtain common agreement.

A

appeal to emotion

37
Q

supporting a conclusion because the arguer is poor (or refuting because the arguer is wealthy).

A

appeal to poverty

38
Q

refer to tendencies or influences which affect the views of people.

A

bias

39
Q

sometimes known as explicit bias. This is a type of bias that you are aware of. The bias is happening consciously, in that you know you are being biased and are acting with intent.

A

Conscious Bias

40
Q

also known as implicit bias, beliefs and attitudes that operate outside of a person’s awareness and control.

A

Unconscious Bias

41
Q

biasing you to believe that the concept is easier to comprehend than it may be.

A

Dunning-Kruger Effect

42
Q

We all favor ideas that confirm our existing beliefs and what we think we know.

A

Confirmation Bias

43
Q

We attribute successes and positive outcomes to our doing but when we face failure and negative outcomes, we tend to attribute these events to other people or contextual factors outside
ourselves.

A

self-serving bias

44
Q

is the tendency to rely too heavily—to “anchor”—on one trait or piece of information
when making decisions (usually the first piece of information acquired on that subject).

A

anchoring bias

45
Q

is the tendency to overestimate the likelihood of events with greater “availability” in memory.

A

Availability bias

46
Q

a form of cognitive dissonance, is the refusal to plan for, or react to, a disaster which has never happened before.

A

Normalcy bias

47
Q

is the tendency to rely too heavily on one’s own perspective and/or have a different
perception of oneself relative to others.

A

egocentric bias

48
Q

are initial beliefs and knowledge which interfere with the unbiased evaluation of factual
evidence and lead to incorrect conclusions

A

false priors

49
Q

is the tendency to draw different conclusions from the same information, depending on
how that information is presented.

A

framing effect

50
Q

the tendency to overestimate one’s ability to accomplish hard tasks and underestimate one’s ability to accomplish easy tasks.

A

Hard–easy effect

51
Q

When better-informed people find it extremely difficult to think about problems from the perspective of lesser-informed people.

A

Curse of knowledge

52
Q

A bias that assumes that “people get what they deserve” – that actions will necessarily have morally fair and fitting consequences for a person.

A

Just-world hypothesis

53
Q

Sometimes called the “I-knew-it-all-along” effect, the tendency to see past events as having been predictable before they happened.

A

Hindsight bias

54
Q

is an ethical challenge that occurs when an individual or organization is involved in
multiple interests that are at odds with one another.

A

Conflict of interest

55
Q

refers to a personal belief. It relates to how someone feels about something

A

opinion

56
Q

is a statement that is right or correct and can be verified objectively or proven

A

truth

57
Q

Represents the depth of one’s comprehension and ability to apply knowledge effectively.

A

understanding

58
Q

Refers to an idea, concept or thought.

A

notion

59
Q

– Is an action or choice made after considering various alternatives or options.

A

decision

59
Q

Are mental constructs or concepts that represents thoughts, concepts, or notions.

A

ideas

60
Q

making relies on the quality of the conclusion drawn from the available information.

A

effective decision

61
Q

is a more open and informal form of communication for exchanging ideas, information, and perspectives.

A

discussion

62
Q

– Is the process of acquiring and interpreting information using the five senses

A

perception

63
Q

– Described as a gut feeling or instinct in decision making. It is influence by emotions and experiences.

A

intuition

64
Q

are statements or ideas that are taken for granted or accepted as true without the need for
explicit evidence or proof.

A

assumptions

65
Q

are statements that form the basis of an argument.

A

Propositions

66
Q

is having the knowledge or perception of external stimuli, events, or thoughts and feelings.

A

awareness

67
Q

is a more comprehensive state that encompasses awareness and includes subjective experience and self – awareness.

A

Consciousness

68
Q

includes the ability to discern what is right or important and apply knowledge and experience in decision making.

A

wisdom

69
Q
A

PHILOSOPHY (8 decks)

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