lesson 4

Question 1

What is CBCP?

Answer 1

Catholic Bishops’ Conference of the Philippines

Question 2

In the Catechism for Filipino Catholics, ________________ explains the characteristics of
a moral person:

Answer 2

the CBCP (2005)

Question 3

No man is an island; we grow into our full selves as persons only
in relating to others. We realize that being a person means being by others (our conception, birth, upbringing), being with others (our family, friends, neighbors, business associates), and
being for others (love, service)

Answer 3

Open and Relational.

Question 4

We are aware of ourselves in our outgoing acts. We possess
this self-awareness through our knowing and free willing.

Answer 4

Conscious Beings.

Question 5

This stresses the unity between our “body and soul.” Our bodies
are an essential part of our being human, not
merely an “instrument” we “us e” according to our whims.

Answer 5

Embodied Spirits.

Question 6

We are pilgrims on-the-way, who gradually, through time, become
our full selves. In exercising freedom, we decide for ourselves and form ourselves; in this sense we are our own cause. We develop as persons in discernible stages, described in great
detail by modern psychology.

Answer 6

Historical Realities.

Question 7

Unique yet Fundamentally Equal. Despite physical differences as well as differing intellectual and moral powers, we instinctively realize that as persons, in some basic way, we are all equal.

Answer 7

True

Question 7

“who one is” is shaped by one’s society. The term “society” here pertains to all the elements of human groups as opposed to the
natural environment, that one is a member of “Culture” in its varied aspects is included here. Reyes argues that “who one is” is molded in large part by the kind of society and culture,
which for the most part, one did not choose, that one belongs to. Filipinos have their own way of doing things, their own system of beliefs and values, and even their own notions of right
and wrong. This third cross-point interacts with the physical and the interpersonal factors that the individual and her people are immersed into or engaged in.

Answer 7

Societal cross-point

Question 7

asserts that the one who is tasked to think about
what is “right” and why is it so, and to choose to do so, is a human individual.

Answer 7

Bulaong et. al. (2018)

Question 7

what does “Epimeleia he auto” means?

Answer 7

“Know thyself.”

Question 8

The ancient Greeks even had a famous saying for it:

Answer 8

“Epimeleia he auto”

Question 8

in the most fundamental sense, is another major topic in the act of philosophizing.

Answer 8

Who one is

Question 9

what is Ramon C. Reyes (1935-2014) essay?

Answer 9

“Man and Historical Action,”

Question 9

In response to this age-old Filipino Philosopher Ramon C. Reyes (1935-2014), writing in his essay “Man and Historical Action,” succinctly explained that “Who one is” is a cross-
point. By this, he means that one’s identity, who one is or who I am, is a product of many forces and events that happened outside of one’s choosing.

Answer 9

true

Question 9

The meaning of one’s existence is in the intersection
between the fact that “one’s being is a product of many forces outside her choosing” and “her
ideal future for herself”.

Answer 9

True

Question 9

Reyes (2005) identifies four cross-points:

Answer 9

Physical
Societal
Historical
Interpersonal

Question 9

“Who one is”, firstly, is a function of physical events in the past and material factors in the present that one did not have a choice in. You are a member of the species Homo sapiens
and therefore possess the capacities and limitations endemic to human beings everywhere. You inherited the genetic material of both your biological parents. Your body has been shaped
and continues to be conditioned by the given set of environmental factors that are specific to your corner of the globe.

Answer 9

Physical cross-point

Question 10

An individual is also the product of an ________________-cross-point of many events and factors outside of one’s choosing. One did not choose her own parents, and yet her personality, character traits, and her overall way of doing things and thinking about things
have all been shaped by the character of her parents and how they brought her up. All of these, are also affected by the people surrounding her: siblings, relatives, classmates, playmates, and eventually workmates. Thus, who one is, in the sense of one’s character or personality has been shaped by one’s relationships as well as the physical factors that affect how one thinks and feels.

Answer 10

interpersonal cross-point

Question 10

The fourth cross-point Reyes names is the historical, which is simply the events that one’s people has undergone. In short, one’s people’s history shapes “who one is” right now. This interacts with the previous three. Each cross-point thus crosses over into the others as
well.

Answer 10

Historical cross-point

Question 10

However, being a product of all this cross-points is just one side of “who one is”.

Answer 10

True

Question 11

“WHO ONE IS” is a cross point.

Answer 11

True

Question 12

asserts that humans have a moral sense because their biological makeup determines the presence of three necessary conditions for ethical behavior

Answer 12

Ayala (2010)

Question 12

their biological makeup
determines the presence of three necessary conditions for ethical behavior:
(i) the ability to anticipate the consequences of one’s own actions;
(ii) the ability to make value judgments;
(iii) the ability to choose between alternative courses of action.

Answer 12

True

Question 13

are beings or
entities having moral status or
standing (Evangelista and Mabaquiao,
2020).

Answer 13

Moral Persons

Question 14

when they act as sources of
morally evaluable actions, in that they
are the doers of such actions.

Answer 14

moral agents

Question 15

When one performs one’s moral duties or
obligations,

Answer 15

moral agents

Question 16

when they act as the receivers of such actions, in that such actions are done to them.

Answer 16

moral patients

Question 17

examples of this are babies and PWD

Answer 17

moral patients

Question 18

Evangelista and Mabaquiao (2020) reminds that all moral persons are moral patients, but not all can be
moral agents.

Answer 18

true

Question 18

is the readiness or preparedness to give an explanation or
justification to stakeholders for one’s judgments,
intentions and actions (Bellisario, n.d.)

Answer 18

accountability

Question 19

Moral agents are beings who are:
1) capable of reasoning, judging and acting with reference to right and wrong;

2) expected to adhere to standards of morality for their actions;

3) morally responsible for their actions and accountable for their consequences (Brey, 2014).

Answer 19

True

Question 19

entails the deservingness of
blame or praise for the actions that we perform
(Evangelista and Mabaquiao, 2020).

Answer 19

Moral accountability

Question 20

Moral agent must also be capable of conforming to at least some of the demands of morality (Haksar, 1998).

Answer 20

True

Question 21

it will suffice if the agent has the capacity to conform to some of
the external requirements of morality. So if certain agents can obey moral laws such as
‘Murder is wrong’ or ‘Stealing is wrong’, then they are moral agents, even if they respond only
to prudential reasons such as fear of punishment and even if they are incapable of acting for
the sake of moral considerations.

Answer 21

weakest interpretation

Question 21

Other suggested conditions of moral agency are that agents should have: an enduring self
with free will and an inner life; understanding of the relevant facts as well as moral
understanding; and moral sentiments, such as capacity for remorse and concern for others.”

Answer 21

True

Question 21

the Kantian version, it is
also essential that the agents should have the capacity to rise above their feelings and
passions and act for the sake of the moral law.

Answer 21

strong version,

Question 21

involves both praise and blame (or reward and
punishment). A person may deserve to receive
something and yet may not actually receive it.

Answer 21

accountability

Question 22

that it will suffice if the agent can perform the relevant act out of altruistic impulses.

Answer 22

position in between which
claims

Question 23

Bellisario (n.d) elaborates: “It is a readiness to
have one’s actions judged by others and, where
appropriate, accept responsibility for errors,
misjudgments and negligence recognition for competence, conscientiousness,
excellence and wisdom.”

Answer 23

True

Question 24

is defined as a bundle of obligations associated
with a role, accountability could be defined as “blaming or crediting someone for an action”—

Answer 24

responsibility

Question 24

is “held to
external oversight, regulation, and mechanisms of punishment aimed to externally motivate
responsive adjustment in order to maintain adherence with appropriate moral standards of
action.”

Answer 24

accountable actor

Question 25

Examples of persons not capable of moral agency babies, kids, and persons with mental disabilities (generally caused by physical or psychological conditions).

Answer 25

True

Question 25

requires that an agent (natural or juridical person) are capable of conforming to at least some of the demands of morality.

Answer 25

Moral agency

Question 26

As Philip Brey suggests, moral agents
are beings that are (1) capable of reasoning, judging and acting with reference to
right and wrong; (2) expected to adhere to standards of morality for their actions;
and (3) morally responsible for their actions and accountable for their consequences.

Answer 26

True

Question 27

Ethics is not equal to law. So as early as puberty and adolescence,
persons can already become moral agents.

Answer 27

True

Question 27

law provides that the age of legal
responsibility is 18 and treats insanity as an exempting circumstance in criminal law.

Answer 27

True

Question 27

In order to become
free, acceptance of who you are at the moment is the first step. From that
acknowledgement, you begin to work on achieving the best person that you can
be. Remember, you cannot get everything that you ever wanted.

Answer 27

True

Question 28

Human freedom by essence is not simply doing what you want and getting what
you wish to have without any restriction. In the deepest sense of the word, it is
striking the balance between your “existential given-ness” (everything about you
that is outside your own choosing: your physical body, family, race, history,
limitations) and your ideal self (what you wish to become).

Answer 28

True