LESSON 4

Question 1

1. refers to the vast array of metabolic capabilities and ecological roles that microorganisms encompass.
2. involves comprehending how microorganism interact with their environment, including their relationships with ecosystems and tehir function within those ecosystems.

Answer 1

Microbial functional diversity

Question 2

often thought of in terms of the number of different species

Answer 2

Microbial diversity

Question 3

diverse range of functions that microorganisms can perform. It’s not just about species identity but rather about what these microorganisms can do.

Answer 3

Functional diversity

Question 4

3 importance of functional diversity

Answer 4

1. Ecosystem functioning
2. Biotechnology
3. Microbiome health

Question 5

microorganisms play an important role various ecosystem processes including nutrient cycling, decomposition, and biodegradation of pollutants.

Answer 5

Ecosystem functioning

Question 6

microbes with specific functional abilities have applications like antibiotics and probiotics that are derived from microbial byproducts

Answer 6

Biotechnology

Question 7

the human body hosts a diverse array of micoorganisms, particularly in the gut microbiome.

Answer 7

Microbiome health

Question 8

produces happy hormones

Answer 8

GABA compound

Question 9

Examples of Functional Diversity

Answer 9

1. Nutrient cycling
2. Biodegradation
3. Symbiotic relationship

Question 10

3 aspects of nutrient cycling

Answer 10

1. Nitrogen fixation
2. Nitrification
3. Decomposition

Question 11

ensures the circulation of essential nutrients in ecosystems.

Answer 11

Nutrient cycling

Question 12

Microbes with diverse degradative enzymes can break down a wide range of organic matter, including pollutants like oil spills or plastics. Their functional diveristy is essential for maintaining a clean environment.

Answer 12

Biodegradation

Question 13

it allows to provide various bemefits to their hosts

Answer 13

Symbiotic relationships

Question 14

3 benefits of Symbiotic relationship

Answer 14

1. Nutrient acquisition
2. Protection form pathogens
3. Aiding in digestion

Question 15

In humas, we have a_______ with probiotics associated with gut micorbiome

Answer 15

mutual relationship

Question 16

analyzes the collective genetic material of a microbial community

Answer 16

Metagenomics

Question 17

directly assess the functional capabilities of a microbial community; oftern reffered as metabolomics; with these, researchers can identify metabolites produced by microorganisms

Answer 17

Functional metagenomics

Question 18

provide a snapshot of the metabolic activity of a microbial community, offering insights into their functional potential

Answer 18

Community fingerprinting techniques

Question 19

these microbes can breakdown the organic matter from plant or animal, secrete the enzyme and they compose complex molecules like carbohydrates, proteins, lipids into a simpler form that they can absorb and utilize for growth.

Answer 19

decomposers and detritivores

Question 20

main function is symbiotic relationship where both participating microorganisms benefits from each other.

Answer 20

mutualism

Question 21

one organism can benefit from the interaction while the other organism which is the host, neither harms nor benefits; also called nonsocomial organisms

Answer 21

commensalism

Question 22

one organism is benefited by obtaining nutrients from the other ogrniams, often harming a host in the process

Answer 22

parasitism

Question 23

These microbes actively hunt and consume other microorganisms

Answer 23

Predation

Question 24

a visible mutualistic association between a ungus and an alga or cyanobacterium; found in environments like bare rocks and roofs

Answer 24

lichens

Question 25

partners and benefits of lichens

Answer 25

1. fungus- cannot photosynthesize, so benefits from organic matter produced by the alga/cyanobacterium 2. Phototrophs- produces organic food for the fungus through photosynthesis

Question 26

some lichens may have a third partner. what is this?

Answer 26

basidiomycete yeast

Question 27

is a critical element for a vast and fascinating array of microbes, fueling a multituse of metabolic processes.

Answer 27

SUlfur

Question 28

if an area's smell is similar to that of ortten eggs, that means the area is_____

Answer 28

high in sulfur

Question 29

4 groups associated with the sulfur cycle

Answer 29

1. Dissimilatory sulfate-reducing bacteria 2. Dissimilatory sulfur-reducing bacteria 3. Disimilatory sulfur-oxidizing bactera 4. Assimilatory- sulfate reducing bacteria

Question 30

what are the key genera of dissimilatory sulfate-reducing bacteria?

Answer 30

Desulfovibrio, Desulfobacter

Question 31

these are obligate anaerobes fluorish in oxygen-depleted environemnts that can utilize sulfate (S042-) as an electron acceptor for respiration; partnered with hydrogen and organic compounds

Answer 31

Desulfovibrio, Desulfobacter

Question 32

their activity is criticcal in the global sulfur cycle but can also be responsible for spoilage of canned foods due to the production of hydrigen sulfide gas (rotten egg smell)

Answer 32

Dissimilatory Sulfate-reducing bacteria (Desulfovibrio, desulfobacter)

Question 33

microbes that die in the presence of oxygen

Answer 33

obligate anaerobes

Question 34

microbes that use the oxygen as their electron acceptor

Answer 34

obligate aerobes

Question 35

short pathway for dissimilatory sulfate bacteria

Answer 35

1. ATP sulfur release was converted to Adenosine 5 sulfate 2. 2 electron donors to APS reductase into sulfide 3. the presence of emulatory sulfite reductse to form sulfde, which is another form of sulphur that can be utilized by other organisms.

Question 36

Key genera of Dissimilatory sulfur-reducing bacteria

Answer 36

Desulforomonas, wolinela, sulfolobus

Question 37

these bacteria exhibit greater physiological diversity; many are facultatively anaerobic; utilize sulfur (S0) as an electron acceptor

Answer 37

Dissimilatory-sulfur reducing bacteria (desulforomonas, wolinella, sulfolobus)

Question 38

fequently co-esxit with bacteria that oxidize H2S to S0, creatng a closed loop anoxic sulfur cycle in environments like marine sediments

Answer 38

Dissimilatory sulfur-reducing bacteria

Question 39

microbes that can live with or without the presence of oxygen

Answer 39

facultative anaerobes

Question 40

Key genera of Dissimilaroty sulfur-oxidizing bacteria

Answer 40

Thiobacillus, Achromatium, Beggiatoa

Question 41

thriving in oxic environments near sources of hydrogen sulfide; leverage reduced sulfur compound like HS, SO, and thiosulfate as electron donors for energy generation.

Answer 41

Dissimilaroty sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (Thiobacillus, Achromatium, Beggiatoa)

Question 42

microbes that uses oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor; can be obligate or facultative chemolitotrophs

Answer 42

Dissimilaroty sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (Thiobacillus, Achromatium, Beggiatoa)

Question 43

microbes that can fix co2 for carbin using calvin cyle or they can be mixotrophs that uses both organix (chemoorganotrophs) and inorganic (chemolithotrophs) carbon sources.

Answer 43

facultative chemolitotrophs

Question 44

can oxidize ferrous iron for biomining processes

Answer 44

acidophilic thiobacillus

Question 45

notable for its large size, and internal strage of sulfur granules; utilize element/metals, store sulfur as their oxidizing or electron donor; source of metals for their adaptation in harsh environment

Answer 45

achromatium

Question 46

is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas that makes up 78.1% of the earth's atmosphere.

Answer 46

Nitrogen gas

Question 47

3 physiological groups of bacteria that participate in the nitrogen cycle

Answer 47

1. Diazotrophs 2. Nitrifiers 2. Denitrifiers

Question 48

the development of nitrogen was seen with the discovery oF_____

Answer 48

dynamite

Question 49

it increases the production of crops by being one of the components of pesticides

Answer 49

nitrogen

Question 50

key genera of nitrogen fixers

Answer 50

Mesorhizobium, Desulfovibrio, Azotobacter

Question 51

these microoganism are the rockstars of ntrogen fixation.

Answer 51

Diazotrophs

Question 52

these microbes convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia usable by cells; requires an enzyme called nitrogenase and ATP for energy.

Answer 52

Diazotrophs

Question 53

encodes the dinitrogenase reductase component of nitrogenase used as a measure of diazotroph diversity; used for identification of an organism if it is a nitrogen fixer

Answer 53

nifH gene

Question 54

2 diversity of Nitrogen fixers

Answer 54

1. Symbiotic diazotrophs 2. Free-living diazotrophs

Question 55

these microbes form mutually beneficial partnerships with plants, animals, or fungi

Answer 55

SYmbiotic Diazotrophs

Question 56

these microbes protects nitrogenase from oxygen,w hich inhibits its activity; some strategies include growing in anoxic environments, fixing N2 during low oxygen periods, or having complex protetcive mechanisms like cyanobacteria.

Answer 56

free living diazotrophs

Question 57

organisms that do not undergo the process same in free living diazotrps in the presence of oxygen

Answer 57

microaerophilic bacteria

Question 58

thrive in oxygen-depleted environments like sediments; desulfovibrio is an example

Answer 58

Obligate anaerobes

Question 59

bacteria that can adapt to both aerobic and anaeorbic conditions. Klebsiella is an example, fixing N2 only when oxygen is scarce

Answer 59

Facultative aerobes

Question 60

microbes that are responsible for converting ammonia to to nitrate through a two-step process

Answer 60

Nitrifiers

Question 61

it comes first followed by nitrite oxidizers

Answer 61

Ammonia oxidizers

Question 62

can perform both steps such as converting nitrite into nitrate.

Answer 62

Nitrospira spp

Question 63

often have internal membrane stacks resembling those in purple photosynthetic bacteria; they are enriched in cultures using mineral slats media with ammonia or nitite as elctron donors and bicarbonate as the carbon source.

Answer 63

nitrifying bacteria

Question 64

these bacteria remove nitrogen from the cycle by converting nitrate or nitrite to gaseous products like nitric oxide, nitrous oxide, and nitrogen gas

Answer 64

Denitrifiers

Question 65

is a well -studied example of denitrifiers; mostly facultative aerobes, preferred to grow aerobically when oxygen is available; and in agricutural soils can lead to fertilizer loss and N2O emmision, a greenhouse gas.

Answer 65

Paracoccus denitrificans