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Linux 010-160 Prep > Lesson 4 > Flashcards

Lesson 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What makes enterprise distros of linux unique?

A

Much slower release cycles, older release of the linux kernel that are known to be stable.

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2
Q

What are some cons to enterprise linux distros?

A

They may lack support for the latest hardware

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3
Q

What are Redhat and Ubuntu’s support lifespane?

A

10 years
5 years

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4
Q

What are some BSD based OS’s

A

FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD

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5
Q

what is macOS based on?

A

BSD Unix with Bash shell

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6
Q

What command is used to find your kernel version?

A

uname -r

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7
Q

What do power supplies do?

A

They normalize power into standard voltage requirements. This allow hardware to be made that can be used anywhere in the world.

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8
Q

What does a motherboard do?

A

Normalizes the interconnection using standardized connectors and form factors to bring all the components of the computer together.

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9
Q

What type of software do motherboard sometimes have on board?

A

Firmware to deal with motherboard specific hardware

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10
Q

Give an example of a motherboard firmware

A

BIOS

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11
Q

What is the BIOS responsible for?

A

Configuration but also identifying, loading, and transferring control to the operating system

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12
Q

What standard did intel define motherboard standards?

A

EFI - extensible firmware interface

UEFI - Unified extensible firmware interface

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13
Q

What command can be used to see free memory?

A

free -m

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14
Q

What is the distinction between CPU and Processor?

A

A processor may hold more logic units than JUST the cpu, like a built in GPU for example

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15
Q

What command can you run to see information about your processor?

A

lscpu

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16
Q

What is the max size of memory that can be accessed on a 32 bit system?

A

4gb

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17
Q

What is HTT?

A

Hyper-Threading Technology Allows a single CPU to concurrently process multiple instructions thus virtually acting as multiple physical CPUs

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18
Q

What are modern connection standards for storage devices?

A

SATA or SCSI

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19
Q

What is partitioning?

A

Tells Linux if it should see the entire devices as one contiguous block of memory or if it is broken up into pieces

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20
Q

What would you expect the name of the device in /dev to be for the partition 3 of the third SATA drive?

A

sdc3

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21
Q

What does the lsblk -f command do?

A

Lists the drives and their partitions with the -f it also shows the file system format/type

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22
Q

Where are binary files stored?

A

/bin
/sbin
/usr/bin
/usr/local/bin
/usr/local/sbin

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23
Q

Where are configuration files stored?

A

/etc

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24
Q

What are some common files found in /etc

A

group
hostname
hosts
passwds
.conf files
profile
bash.bashrc

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25
Q

What are some common .config files in $HOME

A

.bashrc
.profile
.bash_history

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26
Q

Where is the kernel stored?

A

/boot

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27
Q

What is the PID that the kernel first runs after it’s loaded into memory?

A

1 or systemd

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28
Q

What is the /proc directory?

A

It’s a list of files and directories stored in memory, it’s not written to disk.

contains info about running processes, kernel config, system hardware

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29
Q

What is the /proc/sys directory?

A

Includes kernel configuration settings

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30
Q

What is the /dev directory?

A

Devices directory for all connected hardware devices

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31
Q

What is a block devices?

A

Devices where data is read or written

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32
Q

What is a character device?

A

Are those in which data is read and written in sequential order one character at a time (keyboards, text consoles, serial ports)

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33
Q

What is /dev/zero?

A

Provides as many null characters as requested from it

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34
Q

What is /dev/urandom?

A

Generates pseudo-random numbers

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35
Q

Explain the versioning in the following: vmlinuz-4.15.0-50-generic

A

4 = Kernel Version
15 = Major revision
0 = Minor revision
50 = Patch number

36
Q

What command would you use to list all hard drives and partitions in /dev?

A

ls /dev/sd*

37
Q

What does ps command do?

A

Lists the processes associated with the current shell

38
Q

what does ps -uf do?

A

shows the relationship between parent and child processes

39
Q

what does ps -v do?

A

Show the amount of memory usage associated with the current shell processes

40
Q

what does uptime do?

A

Shows system uptime but also gives metrics on load averages

41
Q

where are logs stored?

A

/var/log

42
Q

what is the syslog daemon?

A

Manages system messages. it collects messages from services and programs and stores them in log files in /var/log

43
Q

what does last do?

A

displays information about logins and reboots

44
Q

what does logrotate do?

A

implements log rotation or cycling which means moving files, archiving/compressing, or emailing to sysadmin

45
Q

what is the kernel ring buffer?

A

Fixed size data structure that records kernel boot messages as well as live kernel messages. It’s purpose is to log all kernel messages produced on boot

46
Q

what is journald?

A

It is the standard logging component of the OS

47
Q

what does journalctl utility do?

A

reads logs because they are in binary format

48
Q

What virtual directory of /proc should you visit to see data that top is using?

A

/proc/887

49
Q

What command is used to read /var/log/wtmp

A

last

50
Q

What command is used to read /var/log/btmp

A

lastb

51
Q

What command is used to read /run/log/journal/id/system.journal

A

journalctl

52
Q

what does dmesg do?

A

prints the kernel ring buffer

53
Q

What did systemd replace?

A

System V in all distros

54
Q

What command to find out when last reboot was?

A

last

55
Q

which hard disks are installed (kern.log)

A

less /var/log/kern.log

56
Q

When last login occured (auth.log)

A

less /var/log/auth.log

57
Q

what two command can you use to view the kernel ring buffer?

A

dmesg and journalctl -k

58
Q

how can you use journalctl to query ssh?

A

journalctl -u ssh.service

59
Q

In top, how can you kill a process?

A

by pressing k followed by the pid

60
Q

What does the Link layer handle?

A

Communication directly between connected devices

61
Q

What does the network layer handle?

A

Handles routing outside of individual networks with addressing (IP)

62
Q

What does the application layer do?

A

Enables individual programs to talk to each other

63
Q

What addressing is using on the Link Layer?

A

Mac

64
Q

What does ip link show do?

A

Displays a list of all available network interfaces and their link layer addresses

65
Q

What is CIDR notation?

A

Used to specify how many bits are set in the subnet mask

66
Q

What are the private IP address schemas?

A

10.0.0.0/8
172.16.0.0/12
192.168.0.0/16

67
Q

what does ip route show do?

A

shows the routes associated with link layers

68
Q

What do routing tables do?

A

They hold a mapping of link layer mac addresses with IP addresses

69
Q

How many groups do IPv6 addresses have?

A

8 groups of 4 hex digits

70
Q

What are the three major prefix types in ipv6?

A

Global Unique Address
Unique Local Address
Link Local Address

71
Q

What is the Neighbor Discovery Protocol?

A

Allows devices to find eachother and request information regarding a network they share

72
Q

Where is DNS data stored?

A

/etc/resolv.conf

73
Q

What is in the /etc/hosts file?

A

Checks to see if there is an address for a specific IP listed. It overrides DNS that may be at the Org or ISP level

74
Q

what does the host command do?

A

Given a DNS name ig ives back IP address information

75
Q

What does the dig command do?

A

Provides a more detailed version of host including DNS record types

76
Q

What is a socket?

A

Communication endpoint for two programs talking to each other. Think web browser and web server

77
Q

Name the three types of sockets

A

Unix socket
UDP
TCP

78
Q

what does the ss command do?

A

Used to investigate all sockets

79
Q

What commands would you use to assign IP addresses to an interface?

A

sudo ip addr add address dev interfacename

80
Q

What does an entry in a host file look like?

A

ipaddress websitename

81
Q

DNS Record type for textual data

A

TXT

82
Q

DNS Type for reverse IP Address Lookup

A

PTR

83
Q

DNS Type for a domain that has no address of its own and relies on another domain for this information

A

cname

84
Q

DNS Type for a mail server

A

MX

85
Q

What does bridging do?

A

Connects multiple network interfaces. Allowing all devices to communicate as if they were on the same link layer network

86
Q

which ss command is used to see UDP sockets?

A

ss -u

Linux 010-160 Prep (5 decks)

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