Lesson 3: The Fundamentals of Earthwork Flashcards
Typical earthwork operations
EXCAVATING
LOADING
HAULING
SPREADING
COMPACTING
GRADING
Typical earthwork sequence
CLEARING AND GRUBBING
TOPSOIL REMOVAL/STORAGE
EXCAVATION / STORAGE
BACKFILLING
GRADING
TOPSOIL AND LANDSCAPING
The importance of recognizing soil types
ENGINEERS, ARCHITECTS, AND SPECIALLY TRAINED WORKERS CAN MAKE TECHNICAL DECISIONS ABOUT HOW TO PREPARE THE SITE FOR CONSCTRUCTION
A HEAVY EQUIPMENT OPERATOR CAN IMPLEMENT THOSE TECHNICAL DECISIONS IN FOR SAFETY OPERATION OF GTHE EQUIPMENT
Soil conditions from excavation and its changes after digging and after compaction.
IN PLACE YARDS - 1.0 CUBIC YARDS IN NATURAL CONDITIONS
LOOSE YARDS - 1.25 CUBIC YARDS AFTER DIGGING
COMPACTED YARDS - 0.90 CUBIC YARDS AFTER COMPACTION
Material as it lies in its natural bank state.
BANK CUBIC METERS (BCM) OR BANK CUBIC YARDS (BCY)
Material which has been excavated in some way and swelled as a result of the space that now exist between its elements.
LOOSE CUBIC METERS (LCM) OR LOOSE CUBIC YARDS (LCY)
Material which has been compacted.
COMPACTED CUBIC METERS (CCM) OR COMPACTED CUBIC YARDS (CCY)
Material changes example
COHESIVE SOILS - CAN SWELL TO 40% FROM BCM TO LCM
SOLID ROCK - CAN SWELL TO 65% FROM BCM TO LCM
Ratio of loose dry volume per unit to bank dry volume per unit.
SWELL FACTOR
Ratio of compacted dry weight per unit to bank dry weight per unit volume.
SHRINK FACTOR
The change in material volume - used to estimate machine payloads
LOAD FACTOR
The % of available volume in a body, bucket, or bowl that is actually used.
FILL FACTOR
The weight per unit volume of a material.
MATERIAL DENSITY
Material differ in densities through
PARTICLE SIZE
MOISTURE CONTENT
VARIATIONS IN THE MATERIAL
The importance of having knowledge about the volume and weight of excavated material
SAFETY
