Lesson 3: Secondary Sources of ‘Aqeedah

Question 1

What are the secondary sources of ‘Aqeedah?

Answer 1

• الفِطْرَة- the natural inclination which Allah has placed in the heart of a person, from the moment they are born, and this has a connection to the religion and Aqeedah in particular.
• اَلْعَقْلُ الصَّرِيحُ- the uncorrupted intellect

Question 2

Evidence for الفِطْرَة In the Quran

Answer 2

> فَأَقِمْ وَجْهَكَ لِلدِّينِ حَنِيفًا ۚ فِطْرَتَ اللَّهِ الَّتِي فَطَرَ النَّاسَ عَلَيْهَا ۚ لَا تَبْدِيلَ لِخَلْقِ اللَّهِ ۚ ذَٰلِكَ الدِّينُ الْقَيِّمُ وَلَٰكِنَّ أَكْثَرَ النَّاسِ لَا يَعْلَمُونَ

So direct your face toward the religion, inclining to truth. [Adhere to] the fitrah of Allah upon which He has created [all] people. No change should there be in the creation of Allah. That is the correct religion, but most of the people do not know

Question 3

Evidence for Fitrah in the sunnah (don’t need to memorize all of them)

Answer 3

• > حَدَّثَنَا عَبْدَانُ، أَخْبَرَنَا عَبْدُ اللَّهِ، أَخْبَرَنَا يُونُسُ، عَنِ الزُّهْرِيِّ، قَالَ أَخْبَرَنِي أَبُو سَلَمَةَ بْنُ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ، أَنَّ أَبَا هُرَيْرَةَ ـ رضى الله عنه ـ قَالَ قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم ‏”‏ مَا مِنْ مَوْلُودٍ إِلاَّ يُولَدُ عَلَى الْفِطْرَةِ، فَأَبَوَاهُ يُهَوِّدَانِهِ أَوْ يُنَصِّرَانِهِ أَوْ يُمَجِّسَانِهِ، كَمَا تُنْتَجُ الْبَهِيمَةُ بَهِيمَةً جَمْعَاءَ، هَلْ تُحِسُّونَ فِيهَا مِنْ جَدْعَاءَ ‏”‏ ثُمَّ يَقُولُ ‏{‏فِطْرَةَ اللَّهِ الَّتِي فَطَرَ النَّاسَ عَلَيْهَا لاَ تَبْدِيلَ لِخَلْقِ اللَّهِ ذَلِكَ الدِّينُ الْقَيِّمُ‏}‏Narrated Abu Hurayrah: Allah’s Messenger (ﷺ) said, “No child is born except on Al-Fitra (Islam) and then his parents make him Jewish, Christian or Magian, as an animal produces a perfect young animal: do you see any part of its body amputated?” Then he recited, [Adhere to] the fitrah of Allah upon which He has created [all] people. No change should there be in the creation of Allah. That is the correct religion, but most of the people do not know (30.30)عَنْ عِيَاضِ بْنِ حِمَارٍ الْمُجَاشِعِيِّ، أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم قَالَ ذَاتَ يَوْمٍ فِي خُطْبَتِهِ ‏”‏ أَلاَ إِنَّ رَبِّي أَمَرَنِي أَنْ أُعَلِّمَكُمْ مَا جَهِلْتُمْ مِمَّا عَلَّمَنِي يَوْمِي هَذَا كُلُّ مَالٍ نَحَلْتُهُ عَبْدًا حَلاَلٌ وَإِنِّي خَلَقْتُ عِبَادِي حُنَفَاءَ كُلَّهُمْ وَإِنَّهُمْ أَتَتْهُمُ الشَّيَاطِينُ فَاجْتَالَتْهُمْ عَنْ دِينِهِمْ وَحَرَّمَتْ عَلَيْهِمْ مَا أَحْلَلْتُ لَهُمْ وَأَمَرَتْهُمْ أَنْ يُشْرِكُوا بِي مَا لَمْ أُنْزِلْ بِهِ سُلْطَانًا‘Iyad b. Him-ar reported that Allah’s Messenger (ﷺ), while delivering a sermon one day, said:Behold, my Lord commanded me that I should teach you which you do not know and which He has taught me today. (He has instructed thus): The property which I have conferred upon them is lawful for them. I have created My servants as one having a natural inclination to the worship of Allah but it is Satan who turns them away from the right religion and he makes unlawful what has been declared lawful for them and he commands them to ascribe partnership with Me, although he has no justification for that.The hadith: has different wordings like the one in Hisnul Muslimعَنْ أُبَيِّ بْنِ كَعْبٍ قَالَ كَانَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ يُعَلِّمُنَا إِذَا أَصْبَحْنَاأَصْبَحْنَا عَلَى فِطْرَةِ الْإِسْلَامِ وَكَلِمَةِ الْإِخْلَاصِ وَسُنَّةِ نَبِيِّنَا مُحَمَّدٍ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ وَمِلَّةِ أَبِينَا إِبْرَاهِيمَ حَنِيفًا مُسْلِمًا وَمَا كَانَ مِنَ الْمُشْرِكِينَوَإِذَا أَمْسَيْنَا مِثْلَ ذَلِكَ21144 مسند أحمد35/81 المحدث شعيب الأرناؤوط خلاصة حكم المحدث صحيح في تخريج المسندUbayy ibn Ka’b reported: The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, taught us to say when we entered the morning, “We have entered the morning upon the pure nature of Islam, the word of sincerity, the Sunnah of our Prophet Muhammad, peace and blessings be upon him, and the religion of our father Abraham, the monotheist, the Muslim who was not one of the idolaters.” We would say the same when we entered the evening.The hadith:عَنِ الْبَرَاءِ بْنِ عَازِبٍ، قَالَ كَانَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم إِذَا أَوَى إِلَى فِرَاشِهِ نَامَ عَلَى شِقِّهِ الأَيْمَنِ ثُمَّ قَالَ ‏”‏ اللَّهُمَّ أَسْلَمْتُ نَفْسِي إِلَيْكَ، وَوَجَّهْتُ وَجْهِي إِلَيْكَ، وَفَوَّضْتُ أَمْرِي إِلَيْكَ، وَأَلْجَأْتُ ظَهْرِي إِلَيْكَ، رَغْبَةً وَرَهْبَةً إِلَيْكَ، لاَ مَلْجَأَ وَلاَ مَنْجَا مِنْكَ إِلاَّ إِلَيْكَ، آمَنْتُ بِكِتَابِكَ الَّذِي أَنْزَلْتَ، وَنَبِيِّكَ الَّذِي أَرْسَلْتَ‏.‏ وَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم ‏”‏ مَنْ قَالَهُنَّ ثُمَّ مَاتَ تَحْتَ لَيْلَتِهِ مَاتَ عَلَى الْفِطْرَةِ ‏”‏‏.‏ ‏{‏اسْتَرْهَبُوهُمْ‏}‏ مِنَ الرَّهْبَةِ، مَلَكُوتٌ مُلْكٌ مَثَلُ رَهَبُوتٌ خَيْرٌ مِنْ رَحَمُوتٍ، تَقُولُ تَرْهَبُ خَيْرٌ مِنْ أَنْ تَرْحَمَ‏.‏When Allah’s Messenger (ﷺ) went to bed, he used to sleep on his right side and then say, “All-ahumma aslamtu nafsi ilaika, wa wajjahtu wajhi ilaika, wa fauwadtu `Amri ilaika, wa alja’tu zahri ilaika, raghbatan wa rahbatan ilaika. La Malja’a wa la manja minka illa ilaika. Amantu bikitabika al-ladhi anzalta wa nabiyyika al-ladhi arsalta! Allah’s Messenger (ﷺ) said, “Whoever recites these words (before going to bed) and dies the same night, he will die on the Islamic religion (the natural state) (as a Muslim).

Question 4

When can the ‘aql be used

Answer 4

• As secondary evidence after mentioning the primary evidence: Quran,Sunnah,Ijma’
• If one will use it as a primary source, as inn using it as an argument on its own, then it must be one that originates in the Quran or sunnah

Question 5

Two ways the scholars categorize al adilla ‘aqliyya

Answer 5

• Mentioning them after الأدلةُ النَّقْلِيَّةُ, the evidence from Quran and sunnah, and ijma’, like saying “Allah said this in the Quran and furthermore from logic we know this is rationally possible” so they bring it as secondary evidence.
• Or they use الأدِلَّةُ العَقْلِيَّةُ الشَّرْعِيَّةُ- evidence that are intellectually logical and valid, but from the sharia. For example in Surah tur:

أَمْ خُلِقُوا۟ مِنْ غَيْرِ شَىْءٍ أَمْ هُمُ ٱلْخَـٰلِقُونَ (٣٥) أَمْ خَلَقُوا۟ ٱلسَّمَـٰوَٰتِ وَٱلْأَرْضَ ۚ بَل لَّا يُوقِنُونَ (٣٦)

Were they created by nothing? Or were they themselves the creators?

Or did they create the heavens and the earth? Rather, they are not certain.

Question 6

What’s الأدِلَّةُ العَقْلِيَّةُ الشَّرْعِيَّةُ

Answer 6

evidence that are intellectually logical and valid, but from the sharia (Quran and Sunnah directly)

Question 7

Example of الأدِلَّةُ العَقْلِيَّةُ الشَّرْعِيَّةُ

Answer 7

أَمْ خُلِقُوا۟ مِنْ غَيْرِ شَىْءٍ أَمْ هُمُ ٱلْخَـٰلِقُونَ (٣٥) أَمْ خَلَقُوا۟ ٱلسَّمَـٰوَٰتِ وَٱلْأَرْضَ ۚ بَل لَّا يُوقِنُونَ (٣٦)

Were they created by nothing? Or were they themselves the creators?

Or did they create the heavens and the earth? Rather, they are not certain

Question 8

Where can ‘Aqeedah not be taken from?

Answer 8

• Qiyas-analogies, comparing one thing to another, like a certain kind of drink is haram because its an intoxicant, and we know its haram in the Quran and sunnah, so this drink is haram because of qiyas, comparing. In ‘Aqeedah there is NO comparison,
• رَأْي- opinions
• ‘Aql-intellect being given precedence over the Quran and sunnah, or being used Independant of the Quran and sunnah
• اَلذَّوْق- feelings, how you feel about it
• اَلسِّيَاسَة- politicsOut of all these, ‘Aql can be used as a secondary prove provided its a secondary proof, te rest have no place in ‘Aqeedah.

Question 9

Recap: What are the secondary sources?

Answer 9

• الفِطْرَة- the natural inclination which Allah has placed in the heart of a person, from the moment they are born, and this has a connection to the religion and Aqeedah in particular.
• اَلْعَقْلُ الصَّرِيحُ- the uncorrupted intellect