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Comparative Anatomy > Lesson 3- Protochordates and the origin of craniates > Flashcards

Lesson 3- Protochordates and the origin of craniates Flashcards

1
Q

Protochordate and the origin of craniates possessed this

A
  1. bilateral symmetry
  2. pharyngeal slits
    3.notochord
    4.dorsal hollow CNS
    5.postanal tail
    6.endostyle
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2
Q

Vertebrate beginnings/Origin of Craniates among the oldest & best known as ___

A

ostracoderms

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3
Q
  • had bony plates and scales (&, therefore, were easily
    fossilized; armored fishes)
  • jawless vertebrates called ‘armored fishes’
  • small bony scales fitted tightly where there are no scales
A

Origin of Craniates

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4
Q

Before ostracoderms, there a primitive fish that have
many similarities to living hagfishes and
are the oldest vertebrates (530 my) ever
found, these are ___ and ___

A

Myllokunmingia fengjiaoa and Haikouichthys
ercaicunensis -

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5
Q

The earliest known chordate before vertebrates.

A

Cathaymyrus diadexus

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6
Q

Researchers think that Cathaymyrus is a
fossil relative of _____

A

modern lancelets (amphioxus)

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7
Q

He proposed the establishment of Phylum
Chordata in 1874

A

Ernst Haeckel

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8
Q

Examples of Deuterostoma

A
  1. echinodermata
  2. Hemichordata
  3. Chordata
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9
Q

Suphylum of Chordata

A
  1. Urochordata
  2. Cephalochordata
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10
Q

Subphylum of Vertebrata

A

Craniata

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11
Q

Vertebrata is ____

A

craniates with vertebrae

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12
Q

Lancelet or Amphioxus belong to what subphylum or chordata

A

Cephalochordata

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13
Q

it is a subset of the larger group of animalia and share common features in development.

A

Basal Deuterostomes

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14
Q

The starfish, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, sea daisies and crinoids belongs to _____

A

Echinoderms

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15
Q

The skeleton of echinoderms contain _____

A

calcium carbonate

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16
Q
  • it has presence of a secondary radial
    symmetry except in the most basal members
A

Echinoderms

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17
Q

Acorn worms is an example of _____

A

hemichordates

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18
Q

_____ marine organisms that live in the mud under shallow waters; fragile when handled; 1.5 m.

-with invertebrate and chordate features

A

Hemichordates

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19
Q

Bateson added acorn worms to the Phylum Chordata in
1884 because they have:

A
  1. a dorsal, hollow nervous system
  2. gill slits
  3. a short diverticulum of the gut called the stomochord
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20
Q

marine chordates

A

Urochordata

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21
Q

In Urochordata the ___ is confined to the locomotor tail of the
free- living larval stage and lost during metamorphosis
into sessile adults.

A

notochord

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22
Q

They are enclosed within a delicate, nonliving, and colored transparent tunic (Tunicates/ Tunicata).
-filter feeders
-possess pharyngeal slits

A

Urochordata

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23
Q

➢ sea squirts
➢ solitary or colonial populations
➢ larvae a. tiny (0.5mm – 11mm), have fleeting existence
and do not feed (subsist on nutrients stored in the tissues)

A

Ascidians

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24
Q

For adult (metamorphosis), in Urochordata, they have the following:

A

a. adhesive papillae with
sticky secretions
attach the larva
b. notochord is resorbed
c. nervous system –
altered in location and
structure
d. mouth – incurrent
siphon, atriopore –
excurrent siphon,
e. filter feeder
f. with functioning heart

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25
Q

Organism in Subphylum Cephalochordata

A

Amphioxus

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26
Q

Vertebrate features found in Subphylum Cephalochordata:

A

➢ notochord
➢ dorsal, hollow nervous system
➢ pharyngeal gill slits
➢ ‘circulatory’ system - vertebrate pattern with ‘pumping
vessels‘ (but no heart)

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27
Q
  • all trunk; muscles segments that lie just under the skin
    – myomeres extend the entire length of the
    organism (locomotor muscle)
A

Locomotor musculature

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28
Q

integument is a single layer of epidermis and a
thin dermis
-diffusion of oxygen (cutaneous respiration)

A

Skin

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29
Q

diffusion of oxygen in skin

A

cutaneous respiration

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30
Q
  • opens into the atrium
    which surrounds the
    pharynx laterally and
    ventrally
A

Pharyngeal slits

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31
Q

With this, oxygen is extracted
through diffusion to areas where there is oxygen debt

A

Pharyngeal slits

32
Q

Pathway of water

A

Pharynx to atrium to atriopore

33
Q
  • extends from tip to the rostrum to the tip of the tails
A

Notochord

34
Q
  • muscular disc arranged like a long roll of coins separated
    by fluid-filled spaces
A

Nootchord

35
Q
  • adaptation that facilitates burrowing in the sand in Cephalopoda
A

Notochord

36
Q

A skeletal structures: fibrous rods that support the pharyngeal
bars, buccal cirri, mid-dorsal fin-like ridges

A

Notochord

37
Q
  • hollow brain and dorsal nerve cord containing a central canal lined with ependymal cells
A

Nervous system and sense organs

38
Q

surrounds the brain and spinal cord

A

Leptomeninx

39
Q

how many subdivision does a brain have?

A

2

40
Q

dorsal roots (sensory fibers from the integument and sensory fibers from and motor fibers to the visceral organs

A
  • spinal nerves
41
Q

an eye-like (not for pictorial vision) but sensor for light ambient intensity; light sensitive and pigmented

A

Ocellus

42
Q

The _ is embedded within the ventrolateral walls of the spinal cord
throughout its length.
- consists of a receptor cell and a caplike melanocyte

A

Ocellus

43
Q

In food processing, they are ____

A

filter feeders

44
Q

The _ in the e pharyngeal surface of the pharyngeal bars create a
steady flow of water through the mouth and into the pharynx

A

Cilia

45
Q

– collective chamber of seawater
- laterally by oral hood caudally by velum perforated by the
mouth, which opens into the pharynx

A

Vestibule

46
Q

– covered with sticky mucus; retrieves some
of the heavier food particles which directs it to the mouth and pharynx

A

Wheel organ

47
Q

– partially strain water as it enters the vestibule

A

Buccal cirri

48
Q

The ____ monitor the food that enters

A

Buccal cirri

49
Q

– not prominent cavity in adult

A

Coelom

50
Q

For cephalochordata, they have no ____

A

heart

51
Q

In cephalochordata, ____ is colorless serum that lacks blood cells, platelets
and other formed bodies

A

blood

52
Q

_ termination of venous
system; beginning of
arteries; not a pump

A

Sinus venosus

53
Q
  • ventral aorta, bulbous
    swelling and muscle
    contraction during
    movement participates in ______
A

pumping the blood

54
Q

This participates in pumping the blood

A

ventral aorta, bulbous
swelling and muscle
contraction during movement

55
Q

In elimination of metabolic waste, the ____ is a cells that
collect the metabolic wastes

A

cyrtopodocytes

56
Q

– footlike projections
that make contact with an adjacent glomerulus (arterial
rete)

A

pedicels

57
Q
  • long strand of microvilli that
    terminates in the lumen of a
    nephridial tubule (collects fluid
    from a cluster of cyrtopodocytes
    and empty into the atrium)
A

Pedicels

58
Q

– from cyrtopodocyte
that propell tubule fluids to the
atrium

A

flagellum

59
Q

Pathway of elimination of metabolic waste in Cephalochordata

A

glomeruli
to
pedicels
to
cyrtopodocyte
to
microvillar strands
to
nephridial tubule
to
atrium
to
atriopore

60
Q
  • gametes are flushed into the
    sea via the _____ (external
    fertilization)
A

atriopore

60
Q
  • bulge into the atrium into which sperm or egg are shed

– gametes are flushed into the sea via the atriopore (external
fertilization)

A

gonads

60
Q

ovaries and testes do not develop in the
same individual

A

Dioecious

61
Q

Cephalization can be found in _____ and not in Amphioxus

A

Craniates

62
Q

Paired of sense organs can be found in ____ and not in amphioxus

A

Craniates

63
Q

Found in both craniates and amphioxus (cephalochordata)

A
  1. Notochord
  2. Pharyngeal slits
  3. Hollow CNS
  4. Segmented
    musculature
  5. Two layered skin
  6. Venous and arterial
    channels
  7. Coelom
64
Q

___ has no vertebral column but has notochord

A

Amphioxus

65
Q

__ have pharyngeal slits but are large in numbers and emptying into the atrium

A

amphioxus

66
Q

___ has hollow CNS but lacks major divisions

A

Amphioxus

67
Q

____ have segmented musculature but extend to the tip of the head

A

Segmented
musculature

68
Q

____ have 2 layered skin but epidermis is one cell thick

A

Amphioxus

69
Q

___ no vascular heart

A

Amphioxus

70
Q

The coelom is restricted in adults in ____

A

amphioxus

71
Q

Subphylum of phylum chordata

A

Vertebrata

72
Q

Superclass of subphylum vertebrata

A

Superclass: Pisces
Superclass: Tetrapoda

73
Q

4 classes belongs to superclass pisces

A

Class Agnatha
Class Placodermii
Class Chondricthyes
Class Acanthodii
Class Osteichthyes

74
Q

4 classes belong to superclass tetrapoda

A

Class Amphibia
Class Reptilia
Class Aves
Class Mammalia

Comparative Anatomy (2 decks)

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