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Comparative Anatomy > Lesson 2-Concepts > Flashcards

Lesson 2-Concepts Flashcards

1
Q

Types of symmetry in animals

A
  1. Spherical Symmetry
  2. Radial Symmetry
  3. Bilateral Symmetry
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2
Q
  • the body of the individual divided into equal halves by any plane
    passing through the center from top to bottom
A

Radial symmetry

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3
Q

Symmetry found in found in some sponges (Sycon), cnidarians (e.g. Hydra
jelly), and echinoderms (e.g. sea star)

A

Radial Symmetry

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4
Q

Symmetry found in found in some sponges (Sycon), cnidarians (e.g. Hydra
jelly), and echinoderms (e.g. sea star)

A

Radial Symmetry

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5
Q

Symmetry found in found in some sponges (Sycon), cnidarians (e.g. Hydra
jelly), and echinoderms (e.g. sea star)

A

Radial Symmetry

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6
Q

when the body can be divided into two similar halves by one or
two vertical planes only, the radial symmetry is called

A

Biradial Symmetry

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7
Q

the body can be divided into two equal halves by a single plane only because the important body organs are paired and occur on the two sides of a central axis.

A

Bilateral Symmetry

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8
Q

A type of symmetry is found in many invertebrates and all vertebrates.

A

Bilateral Symmetry

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9
Q
  • segmentation of body into somites or metameres
A

Metamerism

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10
Q

Types of Metamerism

A
  1. Pseudometamerism
  2. True Metamerism
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11
Q

Types of Metamerism

A
  1. Pseudometamerism
  2. True Metamerism
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12
Q

Symmetry in Amoeba

A

Asymmetry

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13
Q

symmetry in Volvox

A

Soherical Symmetry

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14
Q

symmetry in Sea
jellie

A

Radial

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15
Q

Symmetry in spider

A

bilateral symmetry

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16
Q

-occurs in cestodes in which every segment is independent of
the other and contains complete set of organs that have no
connection with organs in other segments

A

Pseudometamerism

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17
Q

In pseudometamerism, during growth new segments are added____ in the neck
region

A

in the front

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18
Q
  • serial repetition of homologous organs in each segment but these organs function in coordination with the others
  • all segments are integrated into a single functional unit
A

True metamerism

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19
Q
  • serial repetition of homologous organs in each segment but these organs function in coordination with the others
  • all segments are integrated into a single functional unit
A

True metamerism

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20
Q
  • serial repetition of homologous organs in each segment but these organs function in coordination with the others
  • all segments are integrated into a single functional unit
A

True metamerism

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21
Q

Examples of organs in pseudometamerism

A
  • nephridia, nerves, muscles, reproductive organs, appendages
    etc.
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22
Q

In true metamerism, - new segments are added in front of the last segment called
_____

A

pygidium

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23
Q

In true metamerism, animals typically have an anterior acron and posterior pygidium and various intermediate segments called ____

A

metameres or somite

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24
Q

In higher invertebrates, such as ______, metamerism provided
an opportunity for specialization of segments into head, thorax and
abdomen and serially repeated organs could be specialized resulting
in rapid evolution

A

arthropods

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25
Q

higher invertebrates, such as arthropods, metamerism provided
an opportunity for specialization of segments into ____, ____, and __ and serially repeated organs could be specialized resulting
in rapid evolution

A

head, thorax, and abdomen

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26
Q

-evolutionary trend toward concentrating nervous tissue, the mouth, and sense organs toward the front end of an animal

A

Cephalization

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27
Q

______ organisms have a head and brain, while less cephalized animals display one or more regions of nervous
tissue

A

Fully cephalized

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28
Q

______ organisms have a head and brain, while less cephalized animals display one or more regions of nervous
tissue

A

Fully cephalized

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29
Q
  • associated with bilateral symmetry and movement with the head facing forward
A

cephalization

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30
Q
  • sense organs or tissues are concentrated on or near the head,
    which is at the front of the animal as it moves forward. The mouth is also located near the front of the creature
A

Cephalization

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31
Q

Cephalization and the senses

A

hear, smell, see, taste, touch

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32
Q

• The cephalized position
of the electroreceptors in
sharks (_______) for locating
preys.

A

Ampullae of
Lorenzini

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33
Q

• The cephalized position
of the electroreceptors in
sharks (_______) for locating
preys.

A

Ampullae of
Lorenzini

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34
Q

➢ manifestation of homologous structures in
different species

A

homology

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35
Q

_structures that had been inherited from a common ancestor

  • may be similar or broadly dissimilar
    morphologically and functionally

-stapes in the middle ear of mammals and hyomandibular cartilage that suspends the jaw

A

Homologous structure

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36
Q

According to____ – homologue is “the same organ in different animals under every variety of form and
function”

A

Boyden (1943)

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37
Q

Boyden (1943) – ______ is “the same organ in different animals under every variety of form and
function”

A

homologue

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38
Q

Criteria in Homology

A
  1. comparative embryology – structures in two different animals are homologous if they come from the same embryonic precursor
  2. other sources of data – e.g. muscles – same innervation
  3. congruence between the structure’s distribution and the hypothesis of relationship for the taxa processing the structure
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39
Q

– structures in two
different animals are homologous if they come from the same embryonic precursor

A

comparative embryology

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40
Q

➢ presence in different species of structures that look alike but are not similar due to
common ancestry

A

Homoplasy

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41
Q

_____can result from
convergence or accident

A

homoplastic structures

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42
Q

_____can result from
convergence or accident

A

homoplastic structures

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43
Q

– evolution of similar structures in unrelated taxa as a result of mutations that are adaptive to
similar environments

A

evolutionary convergence

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44
Q

– evolution of similar structures in unrelated taxa as a result of mutations that are adaptive to
similar environments

A

evolutionary convergence

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45
Q

Pattern and Process

A

A. Homology and Homoplasy
B. Serial Homology
C. Analogy

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46
Q

segmentally equivalent structure within the organism

eg. vertebral column, limbs, hands

A

Serial homology

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47
Q

➢ coincidental resemblance
➢ two structures that have the same function
are analogous
➢horns of cattle and rhinoceros

A

Analogy

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48
Q

➢ comparative anatomist of the 19th century

A

Richard Owen

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49
Q

it is homologous structures that shares a similar function

A

Analogous homologue

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50
Q

it is nonhomologous structures that share a similar function

A

Analogous homoplasies

51
Q

Types of Adapataion

A
  1. Biological adaptations
  2. Preadaptation
52
Q

➢ hereditary modification of a phenotype that
increases the probability of survival
➢ result of environmental pressures that, by
natural selection, propagate genetic
mutations that have survival value

A

biological adaptation

53
Q

➢ traits that have enabled a phenotype to meet a new environmental change before it materializes
➢ increases the chances of survival in an
existing environment

A

preadaptation

54
Q

➢ formation of a new species preceded by geographical isolation of a population from other populations of the same species

A

Speciation

55
Q

➢ evolution of similar structures in unrelated taxa as a result of mutations that are adaptive to similar environment

➢ produces look-alike features that are notthe result of inheritance from a common ancestor

A

Evolutionary convergence

56
Q

Types of development

A
  1. Ontogeny (ontogenesis)
  2. Phylogeny (Phylogenesis)
  3. von Baer’s Law
57
Q

➢ developmental history of an individual
➢ occupies a single lifeline
➢ begins with embryogenesis, includes
postembryonic changes attributable to aging and ends in death
➢primary operants are the genes

A

Ontogeny (ontogenesis)

58
Q

➢primary operants in ontogeny are ___

A

genes

59
Q

➢ evolutionary history of a taxon
➢ relates a taxon (related group of organisms that
constitute a taxonomic unit such as family, order, or class) to another taxa in the evolutionary line
➢operant is the establishment of an
evolutionary lineage is speciation
➢requires hundreds of thousands to hundreds of millions of years

A

Phylogeny or phylogenesis

60
Q

In phylogeny, operant is____

A

speciation

61
Q

➢ features common to all members of a major
taxonomic group of animals develop earlier in ontogeny than do features that
distinguish subdivisions of the group

A

von Baer’s Law

62
Q

features that develop
earliest in ontogeny are the oldest phylogenetically, having been inherited
from early common ancestors, and features
that develop later in ontogeny are of more
recent phylogenetic origin

A

Corollary of the Law

63
Q

describes a change in the timing of ontogenetic events between two taxa

A

Heterochrony

64
Q
  • these can be the result of relatively small genetic
    changes that may not even be alterations in DNA sequence, but in the timing of particular genes being expressed during development
A

heterochrony

65
Q

some individuals of the salamander species
______ delay the metamorphosis
of the skull

A

Ambystoma talpoideum

66
Q

rom the Greek paed, meaning ___

A

juvenile

67
Q

morph meaning ___

A

form

68
Q
  • evolutionary process wherein certain larval or immature features of the immediate ancestors become the end product of metamorphosis in the
    descendant species
A

Paedomorphosis

69
Q

-an alternative process to metamorphosis in which adults retain larval traits at the adult stage

A

Paedomorphosis

70
Q

Paedomorphosis is frequent in _____ and ____, where larvae reach sexual maturity without losing their gills

A

newts and salamanders

71
Q
  • discipline and practice of ordering organisms into hierarchies that reflect their morphological
    similarities and phylogenetic history.
A

Systematics

72
Q

– organisms were placed in groups
based on both an overall similarity and the possession of unique features

A

Pre-Darwinian

73
Q

-arrange organisms in
historical entities (group based on a common ancestor and all its descendants)

A

Phylogenetic systematics

74
Q
  • process and rules by which we apply names to the groups determined in a systematic analysis
A

Taxonomy

75
Q

international code provides the rules for _____

A

binomial
nomenclature

76
Q
  • uses a system of hierarchical
    groupings (phylum, class, order, family, genus, and
    species)
A

Linnaean taxonomy

77
Q

Genus and species form a _____ of taxonomy

A

Binomial system

78
Q

Preserved evidence of phylogenetic
background

A

Fossil morphology

79
Q
  • remembered for many scientific
    contributions including monographs
    on comparative anatomy
A

T. H. Huxley (1825–1895)

80
Q
  • Coupling and compatibility of parts and function they perform
  • Certain parts necessarily went
    together but others were
    mutually
    exclusive
A

GEORGES CUVIER (1769-1832)

81
Q

Harmonized parts for an organism to perform properly

A

Georges cuvier

82
Q

-Supported the idea
that species were
IMMUTABLE but
emphasized that
HOMOLOGIES should
be further explained

-Proposed ARCHETYPE

A

Richard Owen

83
Q

– a biological blueprint
or underlying body plan
of organisms

A

ARCHETYPE

84
Q
  • Repeating series of
    vertebral units as an
    underlying patternof the
    vertebrate body or
    vertebrate archetype of
    the skull, vertebra
A

Vertebrate Archetype

85
Q
  • FORM AND FUNCTION
  • Integration of structure and function to animal design
    as possible blueprint for new forms
A

MORPHOLOGY

86
Q

He focuses in structure with function

A

Georges cuvier

87
Q

Archetypes behind structure

A

Richard Owen

88
Q

He believe that structural change over time (evolution)

A

T.H. Huxley

89
Q

3 morphological concepts

A
  1. similarities
  2. symmetry
  3. segmentation
90
Q

It is known to be similar if it follows the 3 criteria:

A

ancestry, function, appearance (homology, analogy, homoplasy)

91
Q

– structure built of repeating or
duplicated sections (metamere or segment) and the
process that
divides the body into duplicated sections

A

Segmentation or metamerism

92
Q

______ recognizes similarities based on
common origin

A

Homology

93
Q

Homology recognizes similarities based on ____

A

common origin

94
Q

____ recognizes similarities based
on similar function

A

analogy

95
Q

Analogy recognizes similarities based
on _____

A

similar function

96
Q

_____ includes mimicry andcamouflage
for concealing presence or resembling
something unattractive, other than being
homologous or analogous

A

Homoplasy

97
Q

Homoplasy includes ___ and ____
for concealing presence or resembling
something unattractive, other than being
homologous or analogous

A

mimicry and camouflage

98
Q
  • body laid out equally from central axis
    where several planes passing through divides
    the animal into equal or mirror halves
A

Radial

99
Q
  • only through the midsagittal plane that
    divides the body into left and right mirror images
A

Bilateral

100
Q

what do you call the duplicates sections of body that undergo segmentation or metamerism

A

Segment or metamere

101
Q

Each segment is
_____

A

semiautonomous

102
Q
  • the idea of change through time in animals and plants dates back
    to ancient schools of Greek philosophy
  • Over 2,500 years ago
A

Evolution

103
Q

He developed ideas about the course of change from fishlike
and scaly animals to land form

A

Anaximander

104
Q

Anaximander developed ideas about the course of change from fishlike
and scaly animals to ___

A

land form

105
Q

He saw original creatures come together in oddly assembled
ways—humans with heads of cattle, animals with branches
like trees

He argued that most perished, but only those creatures who
came together in practical ways survived

A

Empedocles

106
Q
  • Swedish biologist who felt that
    species were fixed and
    unchangeable created originally
    as we find them today
A

Carolus Linnaeus

107
Q

He devised a system for naming
plants and animals, which is still
the basis of modern taxonomy

A

Carolus Linnaeus

108
Q

He summed up his beliefs along with his
natural history in a book, The Wisdom
of God Manifested in the Works of the
Creation” (1691)

A

Reverend John Ray (1627–1705)

109
Q

He believes that species adaptations reflected the care
exercised by the Creator
* diversity of plant and animal species
was proof of God’s almighty power
* tackled the tricky question of why the
Divine made obnoxious creatures

A

Reverend John Ray

110
Q
  • Archdeacon of Carlisle
    -He articulated the common
    belief of his day in his book
    Natural Theology; or
    Evidences of the Existence
    and Attributes of the Deity
    Collected from the
    Appearances of Nature
    (1802)
A

William Paley

111
Q
  • curator of the Museum of Comparative
    Zoology at Harvard University
A

Louis Agassiz

112
Q
  • found much public support for his
    successful work to build and stock a
    museum that collected the remarkable
    creatures that were this world’s
    manifestations of the divine mind
A

Louis Agassiz

113
Q
  • his ideas spoke to the three issues of
    evolution—fact, course, and
    mechanism.
  • Philosophie Zoologique
A

Jean- Baptiste de Lamarck

114
Q
  • species changed
    through time
A

Fact of evolution

115
Q
  • a progressive change in species along an
    ascending scale, from the lowest on one end to the most
    complex and “perfect” (meaning humans) on the other
A

Course of evolution

116
Q
  • need itself produced heritable
    evolutionary change
A

mechanism of evolution

117
Q
  • “As environments changed, a need arose,
    metabolism adjusted, and new organs were created. Once
    acquired, these new characteristics were passed on to
    offspring” by Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck
A

Evolution by means of the inheritance of acquired characteristics

118
Q

______ involve changes in an organism
that are inherited from one generation to the next

A

Evolutionary responses

119
Q

mechanism of evolution by means of _____ was unveiled publicly by two persons in 1858, Charles
Darwin and Alfred Wallace

A

natural selection

120
Q

mechanism of evolution by means of natural selection
was unveiled publicly by two persons in 1858, _____ and ___

A

Charles
Darwin and Alfred Wallace

121
Q

” There
suddenly flashed upon me the idea of the survival of the fittest. The more I thought over it, the more I became convinced that I had at length found the long-sought-for law of nature that solved the problem of the Origin of Species.”

A

Alfred Russel Wallace

122
Q

He wrote On the Origin of Species,
published at the end of 1859
According to him, natural selection favored individuals
with superior characteristics

A

Charles Darwin (1809–1882)

123
Q
A

Comparative Anatomy (2 decks)

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