Lesson 3 Plant and Animal Nutrition

Question 1

refers to any substance required for the growth and maintenance
of an organism.

Answer 1

Nutrition

Question 2

organisms that obtain energy from sunlight and chemicals to produce their own food.

Answer 2

autotrophs

Question 3

organisms that cannot make their own food and obtain their energy from other organism

Answer 3

heterotrophs

Question 4

are those nutrients needed by all plants in relatively large amounts.

Answer 4

macronutrients

Question 5

are nutrients required only in extremely small amounts.

Answer 5

micronutrients

Question 6

slender extensions of specialized epidermal cells that greatly increase the surface area available for absorption.

Answer 6

root hairs

Question 7

localized swellings in roots of certain plants where bacterial cells exist symbiotically with the plant. The bacteria help the plant fix nitrogen and in turn, the bacteria are able to utilize some organic compounds provided by the plant.

Answer 7

root nodules

Question 8

a symbiotic interaction between
a young root and a fungus. The fungus obtains sugars and nitrogen-containing compounds from root cells while the plant is able to get some scarce minerals
that the fungus is better able to absorb from the soil.

Answer 8

mycorrhizae (singular, mycorrhiza)

Question 9

Uptake of soil solution by the
hydrophilic walls of root hairs
provides access to the apoplast. Movement of water occurs through bulk and or mass flow
and it doesn’t provide any barrier
to the movement of water

Answer 9

Apoplastic route

Question 10

Minerals and water that cross
the plasma membranes of root hairs can enter the symplast

Answer 10

symplastic route

Question 11

is a unit of energy that indicates the amount of energy contained in food.

Answer 11

calorie

Question 12

serve as a major energy source for the cells in the body. These are usually obtained from grains, cereals, breads, fruits and vegetables.

Answer 12

carbohydrates

Question 13

can also be used as an energy source but the body mainly uses these as building materials for cell structures and as enzymes,
hormones, parts of muscles, and bones.

Answer 13

proteins

Question 14

are used to build cell membranes, steroid hormones, and other cellular structures; also used to insulate nervous tissue., and also serve as an energy source.

Answer 14

fats

Question 15

These include substances that animals can only get from the foods they eat because they could not be synthesized inside the body

Answer 15

essential nutrients

Question 16

needed for synthesis of proteins and enzymes

Answer 16

essential amino acids

Question 17

used for making special membrane lipids.

Answer 17

essential fatty acids

Question 18

organic molecules required in small amounts for normal metabolism

Answer 18

vitamins

Question 19

inorganic nutrients needed by the body in minute amounts

Answer 19

trace elements or minerals

Question 20

engulfment of organic fragments or big particles, e.g. 41 pseudopod formation in Amoeba.

Answer 20

Phagocytosis

Question 21

uptake of extracellular fluid by a cell using small vesicles derived from the plasma membrane.

Answer 21

Pinocytosis

Question 22

this relies on membrane receptor
recognition of specific solutes which are then taken up by the cell via receptor-coated pits.

Answer 22

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Question 23

animals that live in or on their food source.
Examples: earthworms that feed through the soil where they live in; caterpillars that eat through the leaves where they live on

Answer 23

substrate-feeders

Question 24

include many aquatic animals which draw in water and strain small organisms and food particles present in the medium.
Examples: whales and coelenterates

Answer 24

filter-feeders

Question 25

suck fluids containing nutrients from a living host. Examples: mosquitoes, leeches, head lice, aphids

Answer 25

fluid-feeders

Question 26

eat relatively large chunks of food and have adaptations like jaws, teeth, tentacles, claws, pincers, etc. that help in securing the food and tearing it to pieces.

Answer 26

bulk-feeders

Question 27

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and potassium are examples of ____________ for plants.

Answer 27

macronutrients

Question 28

The nutrition of some plants depends on a root-fungus association known as _____________.

Answer 28

mycorrhizae

Question 29

____ is a localized swelling in roots of certain plants where bacterial cells exist symbiotically with the plant.

Answer 29

root nodules

Question 30

Of the 20 amino acids used to make proteins in the human body, ________ must be obtained through the consumption of food.

Answer 30

nine

Question 31

The two main groups of vitamins include those soluble in _______________ and in ______________.

Answer 31

water, fat

Question 32

____________________________ refer to inorganic nutrients needed by the body in minute amounts.

Answer 32

trace elements or minerals

Question 33

Cells take up food via the process of __________.

Answer 33

endocytosis

Question 34

In terms of feeding mechanisms, earthworms are considered _______________.

Answer 34

endocytosis

Question 35

1 gram of carbohydrate = ___________ Calories

Answer 35

4

Question 36

1 gram of protein = __________ Calories

Answer 36

4

Question 37

1 gram of fat = ___________ Calories

Answer 37

9

Question 38

_______ can also be used as an energy source but the body mainly uses these as building materials for cell structures and as enzymes, hormones, parts of muscles, and bones.

Answer 38

proteins

Question 39

______ serve as a major energy source for the cells in the body.

Answer 39

carbohydrates

Question 40

______ slender extensions of specialized epidermal cells that greatly increase the surface area available for absorption.

Answer 40

root hairs

Question 41

_______ organisms that obtain energy from sunlight and chemicals to produce their own food.

Answer 41

autotrophs