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HS101: Physical Determinants of Health > Lesson 3: Mechanisms of Disease > Flashcards

Lesson 3: Mechanisms of Disease Flashcards

1
Q

Health

A
  • Is physical, mental, and emotional well-being

- It is not the absence of disease

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2
Q

Disease

A
  • Lack of ease
  • A specific set of structural or functional abnormalities as defined by characteristic signs and symptoms
  • Its a departure from normal function that threatens life, or quality of life
  • Something has gone wrong in anatomy and or physiology and we are pushed away from homesostasis
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3
Q

Morbidity

A
  • Illness
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4
Q

Mortality

A
  • Death
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5
Q

Pathology

A
  • Scientific study of disease
  • Promotes a better understanding of disease processes which contributes to the eventual development of treatments and or preventative interventions
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6
Q

Signs

A
  • Objective abnormalities that are observable by someone other than the patient
  • E.g. heart rate, body temperature, or blood sugar levels each of which can be measured
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7
Q

Symptoms

A
  • Subjective abnormalities felt only by the patient
  • Can’t be verified by a third party
  • There are attempts to quantify symptoms e.g. on a scale from one to ten how bad does it hurt
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8
Q

Syndrome

A
  • Collection of signs and symptoms, usually with a common cause that presents a distinct picture of a pathologic condition
  • It is through identification of signs and symptoms that make up a syndrome that a disease label can be conferred
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9
Q

Acute Diseases

A
  • Rapid onset of signs symptoms which last for a short period of time before resolving
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10
Q

Chronic Diseases

A
  • Develop slowly and last for an extended period of time, in some cases for the duration of the patient’s life
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11
Q

Subacute

A
  • Diseases that fall between acute and chronic
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12
Q

Etiology

A
  • Study of all the factors involved in causing a disease, it generates a theory of a disease’s cause
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13
Q

Idiopathic

A
  • A disease with an unknown cause
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14
Q

Infectious or Communicable Diseases

A
  • Passed from person to person, this includes almost all things that we get vaccinations for as well as those things for which we really don’t have a means of prevention like the common cold
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15
Q

Non- Infectious or Non-Communicable

A
  • Disease can’t be passed from one person to another
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16
Q

Pathogenesis

A
  • The pattern of a disease’s development
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17
Q

Epidemiology

A
  • The study of the occurrence, distribution and transmission of diseases in humans
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18
Q

Epidemiologists

A
  • Study who gets what disease, when they get it, where they get it and ultimately how or why they get it
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19
Q

Endemic

A
  • Diseases simply indigenous to an area

- E.g. chickenpox, malaria

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20
Q

Epidemic

A
  • Disease is observed at higher-then-normal levels

- E.g. outbreak of measles

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21
Q

Pandemic

A
  • Simply an epidemic that has spread over a very large geographical area usually globally
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22
Q

Pathophysiology

A
  • Branch of pathology is the study of the underlying physiological processes associated with disease
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23
Q

Pathophysiologists

A
  • Seek a better understanding of disease processes, contributing to the eventual development of treatments and or preventative interventions
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24
Q

Genetic Mechanisms

A
  • Diseases caused by genetic mechanisms result from altered or mutated genes which result in the absence of or abnormality in an intended function
  • E.g. Down syndrome, haemophillia, cystic fibrosis
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25
Q

Infectious Mechanisms

A
  • Results from pathogenic (disease causing) organisms or particles that damage the human body
26
Q

Neoplastic Mechanisms

A
  • Involve the growth of abnormal tissue called neoplasms
27
Q

Neoplasms

A
  • an be benign (non- cancerous) or malignant (cancerous)

- can upset normal physiological function

28
Q

Traumatic Mechanisms

A
  • Physical or chemical agents that damage the body

- E.g. Radiation poisoning, food toxins, a fall, a cut, and a punch in the face

29
Q

Metabolic Mechanisms

A
  • Involve impairments that lead to insufficient or imbalanced availability of nutrients
  • Metabolic disorders often involve a genetic abnormality, or result from degeneration of an organ involved in digestion
30
Q

Inflammatory Mechanisms

A
  • Refer to an abnormally prolonged or sever inflammatory response
  • Inflammation, the pain, redness, swelling and heat associated with the Inflammatory response is a normal immune system reaction
31
Q

Autoimmunity

A
  • Specific form of inflammatory mechanism that involves the immune system attacking your own, normal cells and tissues
  • It is an immune reaction in error, a failure to differentiate “self” from “not self”
32
Q

Degeneration

A
  • Breaking down of tissues, impairing normal function
  • Can affect people at any time in their life
  • Progress (worsen) over time
  • E.g. Huntington’s disease, osteoarthritis, muscular dystrophy and Alzheimer’s disease
33
Q

Genetic Risk Factors

A
  • Inherited traits that increase the risk of certain diseases
34
Q

Age-related Risk Factors

A
  • Centre around levels of risk associated with our place on the developmental-degenerative continuum
35
Q

Lifestyle Risk Factors

A
  • Associated with our behaviours (how we live and work)

- Are associated with higher rates of cancer of a variety of types, heart disease, diabetes, etc..

36
Q

Stress- Related Risk Factors

A
  • Physical, psychological, or emotional can put us at greater risk for health problems
  • Chronic stress can increase rates of hypertension, depression, anxiety, and cancer
  • Stress also reduces our immune response which can make us more susceptible to infectious disease
37
Q

Environmental Risk Factors

A
  • All factors outside of the human body that increase the risk for disease
  • E.g. weather, climate, background radiation, environment modified by humans in the form of pollution of the air, water and land
38
Q

Pre-existing conditions

A
  • Put us at greater risk for disease because they render us less able to cope with other health problems
  • Existing infection can render us less capable of defending ourselves against a second infection
39
Q

Viruses

A
  • Viruses are not like what we expect living things to be, so they aren’t considered alive. Viruses aren’t made of cells, they don’t metabolize, and they are unable to reproduce on their own. As such, they are intracellular parasites, wholly dependent upon living cells. They enter those cells and ‘hijack’ their internal machinery in order to replicate their genetic material and protein coats, damaging or killing those cells in the process.

Viruses range in size quite dramatically, from incredibly small to, well, really quite unbelievably small!

40
Q

Prions

A
  • Prions are infectious protein particles, and they’re not terribly well understood. What happens in prion diseases is that abnormal protein molecules (prions) mess up healthy proteins, causing them to “misfold,” turning them into malfunctioning proteins. Prions can be inherited, and they may also develop spontaneously. Most concerning, though, is the possibility that humans can be infected by eating the meat of animals that themselves have prion infections – or humans that have prion infections.
    The resultant prion diseases are quite devastating, causing dementia-like brain disorders, and eventual death.
41
Q

Bacteria

A
  • small, and they’re cells, but they’re not at all like human cells, in that they do not possess a nucleus.
  • Some bacteria are intracellular parasites, like viruses are, while others secrete toxins that damage tissues. This is how so-called “flesh eating” bacteria work – they don’t actually go around munching on human flesh. Other bacteria form colonies that disrupt normal function of cells and tissues.
  • can be rod-shaped bacilli, curved or spiral rods, or spherical cocci. Those intracellular parasites I mentioned? They’re best though of as a midway point between viruses and bacteria, since they’re small and need a host cell to reproduce.
42
Q

Fungi

A
  • are like plants without the green. That lack of green, due to the absence of chlorophyll, means that they have to eat something, since they can’t produce their own food. Unfortunately, that “something” is sometimes us!
43
Q

Molds

A
  • are fungi with multiple, large cells, while yeasts are small, single-celled fungi. - Infections caused by fungi, called mycoses (mycotic infections), are often hard to treat. -Some of them are a common uncomfortable nuisance (like athlete’s foot or vaginal yeast infections), while others are serious, systemic infections.
44
Q

Protozoa

A
  • Like bacteria, are single celled organisms
  • They’re larger than bacteria, and much more like human cells since they have a nucleus that contains genetic material
  • One kind of them are amoebas which are large and changeable in shape. They drag themselves along by extending their cell membrane, forming pseudopodia – little “false feet.”
45
Q

Flagellates

A
  • Have flagella, like tails that whip around to offer propulsion (sperm have flagella)
46
Q

Cilliates

A
  • Have cillia- hair like projections from their cell membrane. They move in a coordinated matter in order to allow the cell to move about
47
Q

Sporozoa

A
  • Act a lot like viruses, as they spend part of their life cycle inside host cells
48
Q

Pathogenic Animals

A
  • Also called pathogenic metazoans, they’re multicellular organisms that can get frighteningly large
49
Q

Nematodes

A
  • Referred to as roundworms
50
Q

Platyhelminths

A
  • Referred to as flatworms or flukes
  • Tapeworms are a type of flatworm
  • Tapeworms can live inside a human for up to 30 years and they can grow to be as long as 25 metres
51
Q

Anthropods

A
  • are insects and arachnids that can cause humans injury or infestation
  • Lice, fleas, bedbugs, wasps, spiders, mosquitos, ticks
52
Q

4 Mechanisms of Transmission

A
  • Person to Person
  • Environmental Contact
  • Opportunistic Invasion/Infection
  • Transmission by Vector
53
Q

Person to Person Transmission

A
  • transmission is one that anyone living through the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic is quite familiar with. Whether it’s by inhaling the aerosols coughed, sneezed or simply breathed out by an infected person, or contact with their bodily fluids or excrement, pathogens of diseases passed this way enter another person, quite possibly (but not always) infecting them.
54
Q

Environmental Contact

A
  • When something is in food, water, soil, or an object like a doorknob, and people become exposed through their interaction with those things, such diseases are passed by environmental contact.
55
Q

Opportunistic Invasion/ Infection

A
  • happens when potential pathogens that we live with on a daily basis have opportunity to infect us. Skin bacteria, otherwise harmless, might infect a cut or other wound. Excessive growth of fungi might have them eating our skin cells. Such infections are a good reason to keep skin clean and dry, and to ensure that cuts, abrasions, etc., are cleaned. In some cases, opportunistic invasion happens when we’re immunocompromised, and unable to fight off even those pathogens that we normally find harmless.
56
Q

Transmission by Vector

A
  • involves the transmission of disease by one of the arthropods we discussed in the last section of this lesson. Mosquitos transmit the protozoan infection malaria, for example, while fleas transmit the bacterium that causes the plague, and ticks pass on Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever and Lyme disease.
57
Q

Neoplasm

A
  • an abnormal growth of cells
58
Q

Metastasis

A
  • the spread of cancer
59
Q

Benign Epithelial Tumors

  • Papilloma
  • Adenoma
  • Nevus
A

A papilloma is a finger-like projection, like a wart. A wart is a papilloma, and it’s commonly found on fingers; a fact that might help you remember what a papilloma is.

An adenoma is a benign tumour of glandular tissue. Adrenal glands and adenoids are both made of glandular tissue.

A nevus is a small, pigmented tumour, such as a mole. Personally, I’ve nevus seen a mole on the tip of someone’s nose.

60
Q

Benign Tumors of Connective Tissue

  • Lipoma
  • Osteoma
  • Chondroma
A

A lipoma is a benign tumour of fat (adipose) tissue. If you’ve ever known anyone concerned about cholesterol, you may already know that fats are lipids.

An osteoma is a benign tumour of bone tissue. Surely you’ve heard of osteoporosis, a loss of bone density.

A chondroma is a benign tumour of cartilage. The supplement chondroitin sulfate, derived from animal cartilage, is intended to protect our cartilage from degeneration.

61
Q

Malignant Tumors of Epithelial Tissue

  • Melanoma
  • Adenocarcinoma
A

Melanoma is one you’re likely well aware of, as it’s the most serious form of skin cancer. It’s a cancer of melanocytes, which are what give us the melanin that colours our skin.

An adenocarcinoma is a cancer of glandular tissues. You already know the adeno part. Adenocarcinoma, being a cancer, is caused by carcinogens; substances that cause cancer.

62
Q

Malignant Tumors of Connective Tissue

  • Lymphoma
  • Osteosarcoma
  • Myeloma
  • Fibrosarcoma
A

We call cancers of lymphatic tissue lymphoma. The lymph nodes are lymphatic tissue.

An osteosarcoma is a cancer of bone tissue. You remember the osteo part, no doubt. Recalling that carcinogens cause cancer, and that car rhymes with sar, might help you remember that this one is malignant tumour of bone.

A myeloma is a cancer of bone marrow. Oh, myeloma. I’ve got nothing for this one.

A fibrosarcoma is a cancer of fibrous connective tissues. Plus, the sar-car thing again.

HS101: Physical Determinants of Health (6 decks)

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